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MAVM: Clinical Microscopy > Urinalysis (Coderes) > Flashcards

Urinalysis (Coderes) Flashcards

1
Q

Red quadrant in NFPA hazard classification:

A

Flammability hazard

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2
Q

E in RACE:

A

Extinguish

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3
Q

Glucose is reabsorbed in what part of the nephron?

A

PCT

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4
Q

Urine odor in acute tubular necrosis (ATN):

A

Odorless

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5
Q

Principle of automated reagent strip readers:

A

Reflectance photometry

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6
Q

Reagents used in Split Fat Stain procedure:

A

Sudan III and 36% acetic acid

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7
Q

Source of anti-hCG in pregnancy test kits:

A

Rabbit

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8
Q

Renal stone — yellow, brown, greasy and resembles old soap:

A

Cystine

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9
Q

Dilution of a slightly bloody CSF spx:

A

1:200

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10
Q

Counting chamber used for undiluted semen spx:

A

Makler

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11
Q

Spx in Diagnex tubeless (Diagnex blue) test:

A

Urine

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12
Q

SG of 9% sucrose using refractometer:

A

1.034 (NaCl = 1.022; K2SO4 = 1.015)

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13
Q

Bronchial asthma:

A

Dittrich’s plugs
Charcot leyden crystals
Curschmann’s spirals
Creola bodies

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14
Q

Enzyme added to reduce viscosity of synovial fluid:

A

0.05% hyaluronidase

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15
Q

Amniotic fluid test for HDN:

A

OD 450

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16
Q

Tumor markers for urinary blood cancer:

A

NMP and BTA

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17
Q

Mx that forms a halo of light around an object:

A

Phase contrast

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18
Q

Centrifuges are calibrated every:

A

3 months

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19
Q

Positive color in the MPS paper test:

A

Blue

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20
Q

Precipitated with tyrosine crystals if alcohol is added to urine:

A

Leucine

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21
Q

Part of nephron that resembles a sieve:

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

Renal threshold for glucose:

A

160 to 180 mg/dL

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23
Q

Urine pH in renal tubular acidosis (RTA):

A

Alkaline

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24
Q

Urine color in melanuria:

A

Brown

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25
Q

SG range detected by urine reagent strip readers:

A

1.000 to 1.030

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26
Q

Ehrlich unit:

A

Urobilinogen

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27
Q

NV for albumin excretion rate (AER):

A

0 to 20 ug/min

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28
Q

Addis count — specimen and preservative:

A

12H urine; formalin

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29
Q

Oval fat bodies are seen in:

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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30
Q

Colorless needles that tend to form bundles following refrigeration:

A

Anpicillin

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31
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab is seen in:

A

Good pasture syndrome

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32
Q

Crystal in Fanconi syndrom:

A

Cystine

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33
Q

Preservation of urine culture:

A

Refrigeration

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34
Q

Documentation of proper sample ID:

A

Chain of custody

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35
Q

11th pad:

A

Ascorbic acid (causes interferences in BB LNG: Blood, Bilirubin, Leukocytes, Nitrite, Glucose)

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36
Q

Least commonly encountered renal stone:

A

Cystine calculi

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37
Q

Precipitated with tyrosine crystals if alcohol is added to urine:

A

Leucine

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38
Q

Hands are not visibly soiled:

A

Alcohol based hand rub (sanitizer)

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39
Q

Chain of infection:

A

IREMES

  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Exit portal
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Entry portal
  6. Susceptible host
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40
Q

Best way to break an infection:

A

Handwashing (Happy Birthday song 2x)

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41
Q

Biohazard symbol:

A

3 dark bordered circles joined together

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42
Q

NFPA symbol:

A

You (Yellow = Reactivity)
Were (White = Specific)
Born (Blue = Health)
Right (Red = Flammability)

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43
Q

Yellow quadrant:

A

Reactivity/Stability (SUVSM)

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44
Q

Blue quadrant:

A

Health (NSHED)

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45
Q

Degree of hazards:

A

01234 = NSMSEx

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46
Q

Chemical spills:

A

Large amounts of water for 15 minutes

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47
Q

Fire:

A 
RACE
Rescue
Actuvate
Close
Extinguish
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48
Q

Fire extinguisher:

A 
PASS
Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep
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49
Q

Type A fire:

A

Paper/word (ordinary combustibles)

Extinguish with WATER

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50
Q

Type B fire:

A

Flammable liquid (B = basa)

Extinguish with halon foam

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51
Q

Type C fire:

A

Electrical equipment (CURYENTE)

Extinguish with halon (recommended)

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52
Q

Type D fire:

A

Flammable metals

Extinguish with Metal X

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53
Q

Type E fire:

A

Arsenal fire

Allowed to burn out

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54
Q

Type K fire:

A

Cooking media (KITCHEN)

Extinguish with liquid

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55
Q

Type of fire for dry chemicals extinguisher:

A

Type A/B/C fire

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56
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of kidney:

A

Nephron

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57
Q

Renal blood flow:

A

1200 mL/min

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58
Q

Renal plasma flow:

A

600 to 700 mL/minute

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59
Q

Filtered plasma with 1.010 SG and (-) for albumin:

A

Glomerular filtrate

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60
Q

Non selective filter of glomerulus:

A

MW < 70 000 Da

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61
Q

First ti be affected in renal disease:

A

Tubular reabsorption

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62
Q

Major site of reabsorption:

A

PCT

Reabsorbs SWAGU (salt, water, amino acids, glucose, urea)

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63
Q

Water reabsorption:

A

ADH/Vassoprein (prod. by hypothalamus, stored in post. pituitary gland)

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64
Q

Sodium reabsorption:

A

Aldosterone

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65
Q

ADH deficiency:

A

Diabetes insipidus

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66
Q

ADH excess:

A

SIADH

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67
Q

Renin acts on:

A

Angiotensinogen

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68
Q

ACE acts in:

A

Angiotensin I

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69
Q

Angiotensin II causes:

A

Vasoconstriction (⬆️ BP)

Release of ADH/Aldosteron (⬆️ Water/Salt reabsorption)

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70
Q

Used to evaluate GFR:

A

Clearance tests (Urea, Creatinine, Inulib, Cystatin C)

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71
Q

Used to evaluate tubular reabsorption:

A

Concentration tests (Fishbetg, Mosenthal, SG, Osmolality)

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72
Q

Creatinine clearance:

A

(UV/P)(1.73/A)

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73
Q

Gold standard for clearance tests:

A

Inulin

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74
Q

Cockgroft and gault variables:

A

Age, sex, and body weight in kg

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75
Q

MDRD variables:

A

Ethnicity, BUN, serum albumins

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76
Q

Concentration test wherein px is deprived of fluid for 24H:

A

Fishberg test (SG > 1.026)

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77
Q

Major organic component:

A

Urea

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78
Q

Major inorganic component of urine:

A

Chloride (Cl > Na > K)

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79
Q

Principal salt in urine;

A

NaCl

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80
Q

Bacterual culture spx for OPD:

A

Midstream clean catch

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81
Q

Bacterial culture for bed ridden px:

A

Catheterized spx

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82
Q

Three glass technique:

• If 3rd spx is 10x > than 1st spx

A

Prostatic infection

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83
Q

Three glass technique:

• 2nd specimen serves as

A

Control

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84
Q

Three glass technique:

• If all 3 specimens contain WBCs and bacteria

A

UTI

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85
Q

Urine spx for nitrite determination:

A

4H/first morning

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86
Q

Urobilinogen determination:

A

Afternoon urine spx (2 to 4 PM)

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87
Q

Drug specimen:

• urine volume

A

30 to 45 mL (60 mL container capacity)

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88
Q

Drug specimen:

• Temperatures within 4 minutes

A

32.5 to 36.7’C

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89
Q

Drug specimen:

• Prevent soeciment adulteration

A

Blueing agent

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90
Q

Increased in unpreserved urine:

A 
pBaON
pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite
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91
Q

Least affected urine parameter:

A

Protein

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92
Q

Disintegrates in alkaline urine:

A

Casts

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93
Q

Preservative that prevents bacterial growth for 24H:

A

Refrigeration

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94
Q

Bacteriostatic preservative:

A

Boric acid

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95
Q

Excellent sediment preservative; for addis count:

A

Formaldehyde

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96
Q

Used for urine cytology:

A

Saccomanno’s fixative (50% ethanol + 2% carbowax); 50 mL urine

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97
Q

Polyuria:

A

> 2000 mL/24H

DM (⬆️ SG due to glucose)
DI (⬇️ SG due to dilution)

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98
Q

Oliguria:

A

<599 mL/24H

Dehydration

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99
Q

Anuria:

A

<100 mL/24H

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100
Q

Nocturia:

A

> 500 mL at night

Pregnancy 🤰

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101
Q

Rough indicator of hydration:

A

Urine color

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102
Q

Major urine pigmenth:

A

Urochrome (yellow)

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103
Q

Deposits in AU and UA crystals:

A

Uroerythrin (pink)

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104
Q

Color of urobilinogen:

A

Colorless

Brown when oxidized

105
Q

Yellow foam / tea colored urine:

A

Bilirubin

106
Q

Brown/black urine color upon air exposure:

A

Melanin

107
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen:

A

Hazy

108
Q

Many particulates, print blurred:

A

Cloudy

109
Q

AP and carbonates:

A

Alkaline urine

110
Q

RBCs, AP, carbonates:

A

Soluble in dilute acetic acid

111
Q

AU, UA crystals:

A

Soluble with heat

112
Q

Lipids, lymphatic fluid, chyle:

A

Soluble in ether

113
Q

Fruit odor:

A

DN

114
Q

Normal urine odor:

A

Aromatic

115
Q

Cabbage odor:

A

Methionine malabsorption

116
Q

Rotting fish odor:

A

Trimethylaminuria

117
Q

Pungent odor:

A

Asparagus due to methymercaptan

118
Q

Odorless urine:

A

Acute tubular necrosis

119
Q

SG > 1.040:

A

Radiographic dye

120
Q

Urinometer correction:

• Below 20’C

A

-0.001

121
Q

Urinometer correction:

• Above 20’C

A

+0.001

122
Q

Correction for 1 g/dL glucose:

A

-0.004

123
Q

Correction for 1 g/dL protein:

A

-0.003

124
Q

SG of distilled water:

A

1.000

125
Q

SG if 5% NaCl:

A

1.022

126
Q

SG if 9% sucrose:

A

1.034

127
Q

Yellow IRIS (harmonic oscillation):

A

2 mL (of 6 mL)

128
Q

White foam in urine when shaken:

A

Protein

129
Q

NV of albumin:

A

<159 mg/day for 24H

130
Q

Temperature at which BJP precipitates and dissolves:

A

Precipitates at 40 to 60’C

Dissolves at 100’C

131
Q

Test for microalbuminuria:

A

Micral test (EIA)

132
Q 
First morning (-)
2H after standing (+)
A

Orthostatic proteinuria

133
Q 
First morning (+)
2H after standing (+)
A

Clinical proteinuria

134
Q

Negative SSA:

A

No inc. turbidty (<6 mg/dL)

135
Q

Trace SSA:

A

Noticeable turbidity (6 to 30)

136
Q

1+ SSA:

A

Turbidity (30 to 100)

137
Q

2+ SSA:

A

Turbidity + grabulation (100 to 200)

138
Q

3+ SAA:

A

Turbidity + granulation + flocculation (200 to 400)

139
Q

4+ SSA:

A

Clumps (>400)

140
Q

⬆️ Blood glucose

⬆️ Urine glucose

A

Hyperglycemia assocuated

141
Q

Normal blood glucose

⬆️ urine glucose

A

Renal-associated due to impaired tubular reabsorption (Fanconi’s syndrome)

142
Q

Sensitivity of glucose reagent strip;

A

100 mg/dL

143
Q

False (+) for glucose strip:

A

Oxidizing agents (detergents)

144
Q

False (+) for copper reduction test (clinitest/benedict’s):

A

Reducing agents (ascorbic acid)

145
Q

False (-) for copper reduction test (clinitest/benedict’s):

A

Oxidizing agents (detergents)

146
Q

To prevent pass through phenomenon in Clinitest:

A

Use 2 gtts urine

147
Q

Major ketone but not detected in reagent strip:

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (78%)

148
Q

Tablet test for ketones:

A

Acetest

149
Q

Cloudy red urine:

A

Hematuria

Glomerulonephritis

150
Q

Clear red urine

A

Hemoglobinuria

Seen in Intravascular hemolysis

151
Q

Clear ted urine (reddish brown)

A

Myoglobinuria seen in rhandomyolysis

152
Q

Differentiate Hgb vs Mgb:

A

Blondheim’s test (Ammoniym sulfate)

153
Q

Precipitated hgb + (-) blood strip:

A

Hemoglobin

154
Q

Myoglobin in supernatang + (+) blood strip:

A

Myoglobin

155
Q

Tablet test for bilirubin:

A

Ictotest

156
Q

⬆️ UB
(-) urine bilirubin (CB)
3+ urine urobilinigen

A

Prehepatic jaundice (EVH)

157
Q

⬆️UB/CB
-/+ urine bilirubin (CB)
2+ urine urobilinogen

A

Hepatic jaundice (liver damage)

158
Q

⬆️CB
3+ urine bilirubin (CB)
(-) urine urobilinigen

A

Posthepatic jaundice (bile duct obstruction = ❌ of Urobilinog n)

159
Q

Watson-Schwartz Test:

• Soluble in chloroform + butanol

A

Urobilinogen (R: CB)

160
Q

Watson-Schwartz Test:

• Insoluble in chloroform + butanol

A

Phorphobilinogen (R: UU)

161
Q

Watson-Schwartz Test:
• Inoluble in chloroform
• Soluble in butanol

A

Other ehrlich reactive conpounds (R: UB)

162
Q

Rapid screening test for phorphobilinogen:

A

Hoesch test (inverse ehrlich)

163
Q

Interference contrast microscopy:

A

Can be adapted to BF Mx

164
Q

Nomarski:

A

Differential

165
Q

Hoffman:

A

Modulation

166
Q

Differentiates WBCs and RTE cells:

A

Toluidine blue

167
Q

Stains TAG and neutral fat, but NOT cholesterol:

A

Oil Red K + Suand III

168
Q

IDs urinary eosinophils:

A

Hansel’s stain (Eosin Y + Methylene blue)

169
Q

Glitter cells (neutro) are seen in:

A

Hypotonic urine

170
Q

RBC in hypertonic urine:

A

Crenate and shrink

171
Q

RBC un hypotonic urine:

A

Swell and lyse

172
Q

Dysmorphic, with projections, fragmented RBCs:

A

Glomerular membrane damage

173
Q

Largest cell:

A

Squamous EC

174
Q

Centrally located nucleus;

Seen following catheterization:

A

Transtional EC (Urothelial)

175
Q

Most clinically significant cell with eccentric nucleus:

A

RTE cell

176
Q

> 2 RTE/HPF:

A

Tubular injury

177
Q

Nonlipid filled RTE cell seen in acute tubular necrosis:

A

Bubble cell

178
Q

Most frequent parasite encountered in urine:

A

T. vaginalis

179
Q

Blood fluke with terminal spine that causes hematuria:

A

S. harmatobium

180
Q

Bladder cancer:

A

NMP
BTA
CYFFA 21-1

181
Q

Most common fecal contaminant:

A

E. vermicularis

182
Q

Major constituent of casts:

A

Tamm Horafall protein (uromodulib)

183
Q

Sequence of casts:

A

HCGW

  1. Hyaline
  2. Cellular
  3. Granular (coarse, then fine)
  4. Waxy
  5. Broad*
184
Q

Prototype cast:

A

Hyaline casts

185
Q

Casts seen in strenuous exercise:

A

Hyaline cast
RBC cast
Granular cast

186
Q

Casts seen in Glomerulonephritis:

A

Hyaline casts
RBC cast
Granular cast

187
Q

Casts seen in pyelonephritis:

A

Hyaline cast

WBC cast

188
Q

Cast NOT stained by Sternheimer-Malbin stain:

A

Fatty cast

189
Q

Cast seen in nephrotic syndrome:

A

Fatty casts

190
Q

Final degenerative form of all types of cast:

A

Waxy cast

191
Q

Renal failure casts:

A

Broad casts

192
Q

Brick dust / yellow brown granules / pink sediment crystal

A

Amorphous urates

193
Q

Most pleomorphic crystal; lemon shaped:

A

Uric acid crystal

194
Q

Crystal seen in ethylene glycol poisoning:

A

Monohydrate CaOx (whewelitte)

195
Q

Envelope / pyramidal CaOx:

A

Dihydrate / Wheddelite CaOx

196
Q

Cigarette butt appearance crystal

A

Calcium sulfate

197
Q

Normal acidic crystals:

A 
AU
UA
CaOx
Ca sulfate
Hippuric acid
198
Q

Normal alkaline crystals:

A 
AP
Ammonium biurate
Triple PO4 / Struvite
Ca PO4 / Apatite
Ca carbonate
199
Q

White precipitate crystal

A

Amorphous phosphates

200
Q

Thorny apples; seen in old spx:

A

Ammonium biurate

201
Q 
Crystal:
Prism shaped
Coffin lid
Feathery appearance
Fern leaf
A

Triple PO4 / Struvite

202
Q

Flat plate, thin prism crystal

Resemble sulfonamide crystals:

A

Calcium PO4 / Apatite

203
Q

All abnormal urine crystals are:

A

Seen in acidic urine

204
Q 
Yellow brown
Soluble in ammonia
Insoluble in HCl
Birefringent
(-) cyanide-nitro rxn
A

Uric acid crystal

205
Q

Colorless
Soluble in ammonia + HCl
(+) cyanide-nitro rxn

A

Cystine crystal

206
Q

Rectangular plates, with nocthed ends
Staircase pattern
Nephrotic syndrome

A

Cholesterol crystal

207
Q

Similar to chole crystals:

A

Radiographic dye (SG > 1.024)

208
Q

Colorless to yellow needles crystal:

A

Tyrosine crystal

209
Q

Concentric circles and radial striations;

Precipitated with tyrosine after adding alcohol:

A

Leucine crystal

210
Q

Needles/granules, bright yellow crystal:

A

Bilirubin crystal

211
Q

Sheaves of wheat
Petals
Mistaken as CaPO4 crystal
(+) Lignin test

A

Sulfonamide crystal

212
Q

Colorless needle crystal:

A

Ampicillin

213
Q

Crystals seen in liver disease:

A

Tyrosine, Leucine, Bilirubin crystals

214
Q

Spheres with dimpled center; maltese cross:

A

Starch

215
Q

Maltese cross formation:

A

OFFS

Oval fat body
Fatty casts
Fat droplets
Starch granules

216
Q

⬆️ Amino acid in blood and urine

A

Overflow aminoaciduria: PKU, MSUD

217
Q

Normal amino acid in blood

⬆️ amino acid in urine due to tubular reabsorption

A

Cystinuria

Fanconi’s syndrome

218
Q

(-) Phenylalanin hydroxylase

Mousy odor

A

PKU

219
Q

Bacillus subitilis + beta2-thienyalanine
(+) Growth
(-) NG

A

Guthrie Bacterial Inhibition test

220
Q

Rancid butter odor of urine:

A

Tyrosinemia

221
Q

(-) Homogentistic acid

Darkens after becoming alkaline

A

Alkaptonuria

222
Q

Overproliferation of melanocytes

Darkens upon air exposure

A

Melanuria

223
Q

⬆️Leucine, Isoleucine, Valibe

2,4-DNPH test

A

MSUD

224
Q

Sweaty feat odor:

A

Isovaleric acidemia

225
Q

Renal type aminoaciduria due to defective tubular reabsoprtion of COLA (Cystine, Ornithine, Leucine, Arginine):

A

Cystinuria with sulfur odor urine

226
Q

Inborn error of metabolism with cystine deposits:

A

Cystinosis

227
Q

(-) Homocystine

(+) Ag nitroprusside

A

Homocystinuria

228
Q

Mucopolysaccharide accumulate in cornea of eye

Skeletal abn + metal retardation

A

Hurler syndrome

229
Q

Sex linked recessive

Skeletal abn + mental retardation

A

Hunter syndrome

230
Q

Sanfilippo syndrome

A

Mental retardation only:

231
Q

CTAB test:

A

(+) white turbidity

232
Q

Lead poisoning urine color:

A

Colorless

233
Q

CDc recommended test for lead poisoning:

A

FEP

234
Q

Immune complexes

Group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes)

A

APGN

235
Q

Immune complexes
Systemic immune disorder (SLE)
Form crescents

A

Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis

236
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab

A

Goodpasture syndrome

237
Q

Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic auto-Ab (ANCA)

A

Wegener’s grabulomatosis

238
Q

⬇️ platelets ff. viral respi infxn

A

Henoch Schönlein Purpura

239
Q

Thickening of glomerular basement membranr ff. IgG immune complexes deposition

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

240
Q

Cellular proliferation that forms tram tracks

A

Membranoproliferatuve glomerulonephritis

241
Q

Marked decrease in renal function

Waxy and broad vasts

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

242
Q

Deposition if IgA

A

Berger’a disease

243
Q

Disruption of electrical charges

Massive loss of proteins and lipids

A

Nephrotic syndrome

244
Q

Disruption of podocytes in children

A

Nil disease

245
Q

Disruption of podocytes in certain numbers and aread

A

FSGS

246
Q

Most common cause of EARD

Deposition of glycosylated proteins

A

Disbetic nephropathu / Kimmelstiel-Wilson Dae

247
Q

Lamellated and thinning of glomerular basement membrane

A

Alport syndrome

248
Q

Damage to RT cells

A

Acute tubular necrosis

249
Q

Lower UTI (bladder)

A

Cysititis

250
Q 
Upper UTI (renal tubules/interstitium)
WBC casts
A

Pyelonephritis

251
Q

Major constituent of renal calculi

Hard, dark, rough

A

Calcium oxalate calculi

252
Q

Yellow to brown, moderately hard

A

Uric acid / Urate calculi

253
Q

Greasy, old soap like

Least common

A

Cystine calculi

254
Q

Pale friable stone

A

Phosphate calculi

255
Q

Branching or staghorn shaped in urinary infections

A

Triple PO4 calculi

256
Q

Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi:

A

pH
Chemical composition
Urinary stasis

257
Q

Primary urinalysis finding in renal lithiasis:

A

Microscopic hematuria

258
Q

Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi:

A

pH
Chemical composition
Urinary stasis

259
Q

Primary urinalysis finding in renal lithiasis:

A

Microscopic hematuria

MAVM: Clinical Microscopy (5 decks)

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