Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 Test 4 Renal > Urinalysis and Urine excretion > Flashcards

Urinalysis and Urine excretion Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 blood test that can provide info about kidney function, and what do they tell us

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

  • measure of urea from AA catabolism and deanimation
  • if this is up GFR is down and that means kidneys are not working properly

Plasma creatine

  • measure of creatine phosphate catabolism
  • normally remains steady serum=urine levels, b/c it is not changed after it enters the blood stream and urine, so if it increases kidneys are not working correctly
  • can overestimate by 10-20%
  • used when BUN maybe unreliable
  • normal is <1.6 mg/dL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is renal plasma clearance, and why is it important

A

The volume of plasma (mL) that can be completely cleared of a substance per unit time (min)

Rx dosing= if a substance has a high renal plasma clearance than a high dose is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the renal plasma clearance of glucose

A

0 because in normal people 100% of glucose is reabsorbed/filtered so none is cleared by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is inulin, what is it used for and why

A

Plant polysaccharide that is not modified in the body and easily passes through the filter and is excreted 100% in the urine

it is used to get a true GFR

-IV given and urine and plasma levels measured as well as urine volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the path of urine

A

papilla->papillary duct-> minor calyces->major calyces-> renal pelvis->ureters-> urinary bladder->urethra-> external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What mechanism transports urine from the ureters to the bladder

A

peristalsis aided by hydrostatic pressure(more urine being produced) and gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are the ureter walls thick or thin

A

thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter, superficial to deep, and what do they do

A
  1. Adventitia=anchors ureters, contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels
  2. Muscalaris= outer circular, inner longitudinal smooth muscle
  3. Mucosa= transitional epithelium w/ goblet cells that secrete mucus to protect from acidic urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average pH of urine and how can diet causes it to change

A

avg=6

vegetarian diet=more alkaline

high meat diet=more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false ureters are retroperitoneal

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder

A

posteriorly (back) and inferiorly (low) at the corners of the trigone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the anti-reflux mechanism

A

When the urinary bladder fills w/ urine it pulls the bladder down which closes the entrance of the ureters to the bladder so no back flow occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the anatomic location of the urinary bladder

A

-posterior to the pubic symphysis, held in place by peritoneal folds

  • immediately anterior to the rectum in males
  • inferior and slightly anterior to uterus in females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up the urinary bladder wall

A
  1. A=serosa-> covers SUPERIOR surface , part of abdominal visceral peritoneum

B=adventitia-> cover POSTERIOR and INFERIOR surfaces, it is continuous w/ the ureters

  1. Muscularis (Detrusor muscle)
  2. Mucosa (uroepithelium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When the bladder is filling is the detrusor relaxed or constricted

A

relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens when the detrusor is constricted

A

urine is force out of the urinary bladder and into the urethra

17
Q

What about the uroepithelium allows for the bladder to expand

A

Transitional epithelium= allows for stretch

Ruggae= folds in the uroepithelium

18
Q

What is the Trigone

A

smooth triangular area of the bladder floor, with ureters at the posterior corners and the internal urethra oriface at the anterior corner

19
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter and describe its composition

A

Near the internal urethral orifice at the trigone
-just superior to prostate in males

-the sphincter is an extension of circular smooth muscle of the detrusor

20
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter under voluntary of involuntary control

A

it is controlled by the parasympathetic so it is involuntary

21
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter and describe its composition

A

It is skeletal muscle of the pelvic floor

In males it is just inferior to the prostate

22
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter under voluntary of involuntary control

A

voluntary

23
Q

What is the dual fxn of the male urethra

A

passage of urine and semen

24
Q

From superficial to deep what are the 2 tissue layers of the urethra

A

muscalaris=superficial

mucosa=deep

25
Q

Name the 3 regions of the male urethra and describe them

A
  1. Prostatic=urethral surrounded by prostate gland, the duct contains opening to transport prostatic fluids and semen
  2. Membranous= shortest region passing through the urogenital diaphragm external urethral sphincter is located here
  3. Spongy= longest region contains openings for bulbourethral (cowpers) gland and extends to the external urethral office
26
Q

What does the bulbourethral (cowpers) gland produce

A

alkaline fluid to help neutralize acidity of the urethra

27
Q

Describe the location of the female urethra

A

posterior to pubic symphysis, runs anterior/inferior to bladder neck to the vaginal vestibule located between the clitoris and vaginal orifice

28
Q

Describe the mucosal layer of the female urethra

A

contains epithelium and propria lamina

transitional epithelium near the bladder and transitions to stratified/pseudostratified columnar in the middle and then finally to nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells near the urethral oriface

29
Q

Describe the micturition reflex

A

Parasympathetic reflex that initiates urination and causes:

  1. contraction of bladder (detusor)
  2. Internal urethra to open (also under parasympathetic controle)
  3. sensation of needing to pee

Will not urinate until voluntary contraction of external urethra allows urine to flow

30
Q

What happens to our kidneys as we age

A
  • Kidneys shrink
  • RBF and GFR decrease d/t nephron deterioration
  • increased incidence of calculi, inflammation, and UTI’s
  • polyuria and notaria
  • urinary retention
31
Q

On Avg what is the volume of urine humans produce per day

A

1-2 L

32
Q

What color should urine be

A

yellow or amber that varies with hydration status

diet and drugs can effect this

33
Q

Should urine have an odor

A

yes slight aromatic, that become more ammonia-like w/ time b/c bacteria turning urea to ammonia

34
Q

What is the pH range of urine and how does diet affect it

A

4.6-8.0 w/ an average of 6

plant based diet=more alkali
meat heavy diet = more acidic

35
Q

What is the avg specific gravity of urine

A

1.001-1.035, higher solutes higher specific gravity

A&P 2 Test 4 Renal (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions