Urinalysis

Question 1

Falconi Syndrome

Answer 1

Affects kidneys
Excessive excretion of glucose, amino acids, phosphate, etc into urine

Question 2

Uremia

Answer 2

Kidneys fail to properly filter waste products from blood

Question 3

Homogentisic acid

Answer 3

• Causes brown/black urine
• Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)/alkaptonuria

Question 4

Polyuria caused by

Answer 4

> 2500 ml/day

• Diabetes mellitus/insipidus
• Diuretics
• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Excessive fluid intake

Question 5

Oliguria caused by

Answer 5

<400 mg/dl

• Dehydration from: v/d, burns, perspiration

Question 6

Nocturia caused by

Answer 6

Increased volume at night

• Renal disease
• Pregnancy
• Enlarged prostate

Question 7

Anuria caused by

Answer 7

No urine output

• Kidney damage
• Decreased blood flow to kidneys

Question 8

Major functional unit of the kidney

Answer 8

Nephron (composed of glomerulus & renal tubules)

Question 9

Glomerulus function

Answer 9

Filters water, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia

Question 10

Urea

Answer 10

Metabolic waste product produced in the liver

Protein —> urea (breakdown of protein)

Question 11

What urine sample collection method(s) should you use for culture?

Answer 11

Suprapubic aspiration and midstream clean catch

Question 12

What urine sample method should you use for screening tests?

Answer 12

First morning (most concentrated)

Question 13

What is increased when you leave urine at RT for a prolonged time?

Answer 13

Turbidity, pH, nitrite

Question 14

What is decreased when you leave urine at RT for a prolonged time?

Answer 14

Glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, cells (WBC & RBC) and casts (lysis)

Question 15

Porphyrin - urine color?

Answer 15

Port wine

Question 16

Black/brown urine color caused by?

Answer 16

Homogentisic acid, melanin, metHgb

Question 17

Yellow/amber/orange urine caused by?

Answer 17

• Bilirubin
• Urobilin
• Biliverdin (yellow-green)
• Vitamin C

Question 18

Green/blue urine caused by?

Answer 18

• Pseudomonas
• Chlorophyll
• Indican

Question 19

Red urine caused by?

Answer 19

• Hgb
• RBC
• myoglobin (from muscle)

Question 20

Diabetes mellitus vs diabetes insipidus

Answer 20

• SG increased in DM, decreased in DI
• Glucose and ketones increased in DM, normal in DI
• Decreased insulin in DM, decreased ADH in DI

Question 21

What is an antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 21

Regulates water balance (kidneys retain water, reducing urine production)

So low ADH = too much urine output (diabetes insipidus = low ADH = needing to urinate a lot)

Question 22

Ascorbic acid causes false (-) in:

Answer 22

• Glucose
• Blood
• Bilirubin
• Nitrite

Question 23

Bleach causes a false (+) in:

Answer 23

• Glucose
• Blood
• Leukocytes

Question 24

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 24

Inflamed glomerulus
- RBC casts

Question 25

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 25

Kidneys not functioning properly (damaged), lets protein in

(+++) protein
Lipid droplets, oval fat bodies

Question 26

Pyelonephritis

Answer 26

Kidneys infected with bacteria

• leukocyte esterase, nitrite
• WBC casts

Question 27

End stage renal disease

Answer 27

Gradual loss of kidney function

• Specific gravity fixed at 1.010
• ALL casts, especially broad waxy casts

Question 28

Renal calculi (kidney stones)

Answer 28

• Calcium oxalate and cystine crystals

Question 29

Lower UTI

Answer 29

• leukocyte esterase, RBC, nitrite
• NO casts or RTE because it’s below the kidneys

Question 30

Abnormal acidic crystals

Answer 30

• Leucine, tyrosine, cystine, cholesterol, bilirubin

Question 31

Creatinine clearance formula

Answer 31

(U x V) / P

U = urine creatinine conc
V = volume of urine
P = plasma creatinine conc