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Clin Path 1 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

List the methods used to obtain samples for urinalysis

A

Voided or free-catch
Bladder expression
Urinary catheter
Cystocentesis

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2
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine

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3
Q

Glomerulus

A

A tuft of capillaries located in the renal cortex

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4
Q

Nephron

A

A structural and functional unit of the kidney

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine production

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6
Q

Polyuria (PU)

A

Increased urine production

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7
Q

Renal threshold

A

The specific limit for the resorption of specific substances by the nephron

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8
Q

Name the 2 hormones involved in the regulation of urine volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone

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9
Q

Bladder expression

A

The manual compression of the urinary bladder to cause the release of urine through the urethra

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10
Q

Catheterization

A

The placement of a catheter in the urethra or the placement of an indwelling catheter in a blood vessel

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11
Q

Cystocentesis

A

The aspiration of fluid from the urinary bladder

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12
Q

Free catch

A

A method of collecting a urine sample by collecting the sample as the animal voids naturally

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13
Q

Tom cat catheter

A

a feline urinary catheter intended for assisting the relief of urethral obstruction in male cats

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14
Q

Discuss the aspects of free catch sample collection

A

Collect from mid-stream to avoid large amounts of contamination
Use a clean container (doesn’t have to be sterile)
Easiest method of collection
Do NOT use for cultural and sensitivity testing due to bacterial contamination

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15
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from canines

A

Soup ladle
Pie plates

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16
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from felines

A

Empty, clean litter box
Plastic beads/popcorn kernels

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17
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from cow

A

Stroke escutcheon (area under vulva and above udder) with moderate pressure

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18
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from small ruminant (sheep/goat)

A

Walk up to them and plug the nostrils

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19
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from equines

A

Place in a freshly bedded stall

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20
Q

State the equipment needed for catheterization

A

A sterile plastic or rubber catheter
Sterile gloves
Sterile water-soluble lubricant
Sterile flush
Speculum (female)
Collection cup/syringe

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21
Q

State the procedure for collection of urine via catheterization

A

Sedate the patient if needed and place the patient in the correct position (dorsal/lateral recumbency for male cat or dog and standing/sternal with legs extended off the table for female)
Gather your supplies
Clean vulva/prepuce with mild, dilute antiseptic
Prepare the vagine or penis
Measure estimated length of the catheter to reach bladder
Apply lubricant on the tip of the catheter and insert the catheter by advancing slowly to prevent trauma until urine flows through the catheter

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22
Q

State the equipment needed for cystocentesis

A

Isopropyl alcohol
Sterile hypodermic needles
Sterile syringe
Gloves

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23
Q

State the procedures for collection of urine via cystocentesis

A

Palpate and isolate the bladder
Insert the needle in oblique dorsocaudally angle with your dominant hand
Aspirate the urine sample
Release vacuum on syringe and withdrawal needle
Release the bladder
Change out the needle to new sterile needed
Place sample into the sterile collection tube
Label the sample

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24
Q

Describe the proper handling of urine samples

A

Label, label, label!
Run the UA within 30 minutes to an hour after collection
Refrigerate as soon as possible if needed to maintain sample
Do not use urine samples that are 12 hours old
If refrigerated, bring to room temperature before running the UA

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25
Q

Flocculent

A

Turbid urine

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26
Q

Hematuria

A

RBCs present in the urine

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27
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Hemoglobin in the urine

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28
Q

Hypersthenuria

A

Increased urine specific gravity

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29
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Decreased urine specific gravity

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30
Q

Isosthenuria

A

Occurs when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate (1.008 to 1.012)
The urinary has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys

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31
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones in the urine

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32
Q

Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in the urine

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33
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Frequent urination

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34
Q

Polydipsia (PD)

A

Increased thirst

35
Q

Specific gravity

A

The weight (density) of a quantity of liquid as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water

36
Q

Urease

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, forming ammonia and carbon dioxide

37
Q

Urinometer

A

Used to measure the specific gravity of urine

38
Q

Urochromes

A

Pigment that causes yellow in the urine

39
Q

List the physical evaluations on urine samples

A

Volume
Color
Odor
Clarity/transparency
Specific Gravity

40
Q

Describe the significance of variation in urine color

A

Pale yellow: low SG, decreased urine concentration
Very yellow: high SG, oliguria (yellow-brown)
Brown-green: bile pigment (plus green foam)
Red-brown: hematuria, hemoglobin
Brown: myoglobin
Orange: drugs

41
Q

Describe possible causes of turbid urine

A

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, and bacteria

42
Q

Describe the possible causes for urine odor variations

A

Strong ammonia smell: urease (protein produced by certain bacteria)
Sweet or fruity odor: ketones, using fat for energy in a negative energy balance
Strong odor: can be urine left at room temp

43
Q

Describe methods for evaluating urine specific gravity

A

Measured with a refractometer or reagent strips (unreliable)

44
Q

Bence Jones protein

A

A light chain protein of immunoglobulin molecules that readily passes through the glomerulus and into the urine

45
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

An abnormal increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the urine

46
Q

Glucosuria

A

The presence of glucose in the urine

47
Q

pH

A

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

48
Q

Proteinuria

A

The abnormal presence of protein in the urine

49
Q

Describe the procedure for performing the chemical analysis of urine

A

Reagent Strip/Dipstick
- Quickly dip the strip into the urine or use a pipette and place one drop on each pad
- tap off any excess urine
- lay flat for color to develop and start timer
- compare the strip pad with the bottle and record results
- centrifuge sample for sediment review
Urinalysis Analyzer
- insert Reagent strip face up and start machine
- make sure results are printed or sent to the computer
- record the USG and sediment

50
Q

List the chemical tests that are commonly performed on urine samples

A

Reagent Strip/dipstick
Urinalysis analyzer
Sedivue
Sulfosalicylic acid test
Urine Protein: Urine Creatinine Ratio
Tablet test
Ictotest

51
Q

Discuss the significance of proteinuria

A

Healthy kidneys filter small amounts of protein from blood and reabsorb protein that is filtered out
Renal disease can lead to proteinuria

52
Q

Describe the methods used to differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobulinuria

A

Hematuria:
Red urine that spins down into a red pellet and yellow supernatant
Hemoglobulinuria:
Red urine that does not spin into a pellet with a yellow supernatant

53
Q

Discuss the significance of glucosuria

A

High levels of glucose can indicate glucose in the urine
Persistent hyperglycemia leads to persistent glucosuria and often indicates diabetes mellitus

54
Q

List conditions that can be characterized by ketonuria

A

Pregnancy toxemia
Diabetes mellitus
Ketonemia with ketonuria can indicate high-fat diets, starvation, fasting, long-term anorexia, and impaired liver function

55
Q

List conditions that can be characterized by bilirubinuria

A

Bile duct Obstruction
Hemolytic anemia
Liver disease

56
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

57
Q

Stranguria

A

Slow urination

58
Q

Clinitest

A

Used to detect sugar in the urine

59
Q

Ammonium biurate

A

Brownish crystals seen in the urine of animals with severe liver disease

60
Q

Calcium carbonate

A

A type of crystal that is commonly seen in the urine of rabbits and horses

61
Q

Calcium oxalate

A

A crystal that is found in acidic and neutral urine
Commonly seen in small amounts in dogs and horses

62
Q

Casts

A

Structures that are formed from the protein precipitates of degenerating kidney tubule cells
May contain embedded materials

63
Q

Cellular casts

A

A formed element in urine that consists of a healing cast that contains blood cells or epithelial cells

64
Q

Crystalluria

A

Presence of crystals in urine

65
Q

Cystine

A

An amino acid that may be present in the form of hexagonal crystals in the urine

66
Q

Fatty casts

A

Formed elements that may be found in urine and that consists of a healing cast with embedded globules of fat

67
Q

Granular casts

A

A structure that is formed from the protein precipitate of degenerating kidney tubule cells that contain granular material derived from the breakdown of cells incorporated into the cast

68
Q

Healing casts

A

The structures that are formed from protein precipitates of degenerating kidney tubule cells with no embedded materials

69
Q

Leucine

A

Crystals that are wheel or “pincushion” shaped and yellow or brown in color
May be seen in animals with liver disease

70
Q

Renal epithelial cells

A

Generally round and contain a large nucleus and nongranular or finely granular cytoplasm
Smallest epithelial cells observed in urine

71
Q

Struvite

A

A common crystal that is seen in alkaline to slightly acidic urine
Also known as triple phosphate crystals or magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals

72
Q

Transitional epithelial cells

A

Only found in the urinary system
Granular, have small nuclei, and larger than WBCs

73
Q

Tyrosine

A

An amino acid that is synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid phenylalanine
Found in most proteins and is a precursor of melanin and several hormones including epinephrine and thyroxin

74
Q

Uric acid

A

A metabolic byproduct of nitrogen catabolism

75
Q

Uroliths

A

Urinary calculi or stones

76
Q

Waxy casts

A

Resemble healing casts but are wider with square ends and a dull, waxy appearance
Colorless or grey and highly refractive
Indicate chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules

77
Q

Describe the procedure for preparing urine for microscopic examination

A

Centrifuge a 10mL sample for 3-6 mins at 1000-2000 rpm
Pour off the supernatant
Resuspend the sediment by flicking the tube with your fingers
Transfer a drop of the sediment near the end of the slide and place coverslip over it
Optional: stain with sedi-stain or new methylene blue

78
Q

List the cells that may be encountered in urine sediment and explain their significance

A

RBCs: inflammatory conditions or slight trauma from collection such as cysto, catheterization, and manual expression
WBCs: inflammatory or infectious process such as nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, and ureteritis
Squamous epithelial cells: usually not significant
Transitional epithelial cells: low numbers can indicate sloughing of old cells ; increased numbers can indicate cystitis or pyelonephritis or catheterization
Renal epithelial cells: rarely seen but increased numbers occur with diseases of the kidney parenchyma

79
Q

List the crystals that may be encountered in urine sediment and explain their significance

A

Struvite: indicate alkaline urine
Calcium oxalate: indicate acidic urine (monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals indicate antifreeze consumption)
Calcium carbonate: no clinical significance
Ammonium biurate: severe liver disease
Sulfonamide: treated with sulfonamides
Bilirubin: further investigation for an underlying disease process
Leucine and tyrosine: liver disease
Cystine: renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis

80
Q

Describe the formation of casts

A

Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney where the concentration and acidity of urine are greatest

81
Q

List types of casts and explain the significance of each one

A

Hyaline: mildest form of renal irritation, fever, poor renal perfusion, strenuous exercise, or general anesthesia
Granular: acute nephritis and more severe kidney damage
Epithelial: acute nephritis and other conditions that cause degeneration of the renal tubular epithelial
Leukocyte: inflammation in the renal tubules
Erythrocyte: renal bleeding either from trauma or bleeding disorders or part of an inflammatory lesion
Waxy: chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules
Fatty: seen in cats with renal disease and occasionally in dogs with diabetes mellitus; large numbers indicate degeneration of the renal tubules

82
Q

List and describe parasites that may be encountered in urine sediment

A

Bladder worms: similar to the whip worms
Kidney worms
Microfilariae

83
Q

Discuss the significance of bacteria in urine sediment

A

If accompanied by WBCs, can indicate a UTI

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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