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Clin Path 1 > General Concepts > Flashcards

General Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them

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2
Q

Diseases can be diagnosed and monitored via the examination of _____

A

Blood
Urine
Bodily fluids
Secretions
Biopsy specimens

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3
Q

Biologic Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Biological substances that can cause harm with contact
Ex. Zoonotic diseases and used needles

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4
Q

Physical Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Environmental or occupational hazards that can cause harm with contact
Ex. Puddles in floor

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5
Q

Ergonomical Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Discomfort or strain to the musculoskeletal system
Ex. Lifting a large dog onto a table

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6
Q

List the 4 Hazard Control Methods

A
  1. Engineering controls
  2. Administrative controls
  3. Procedural controls
  4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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7
Q

Engineering Controls

A

Changing the work environment to eliminate or minimize employee exposure
Ex. Arranging inspections of sink pipes yearly

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8
Q

Administrative Controls

A

Creating specific protocols to minimize employee exposure
Ex. Creating a chemical hygiene plan

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9
Q

Procedural Controls

A

Developing policies that change employee behavior
Ex. Lifting heavy objects correctly

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10
Q

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A

Protecting employees from hazards via physical means
Ex. Gloves, goggles, gowns

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11
Q

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

A

Federal agency thar regulates how employers treat employees regarding health and safety hazards
Mandate specific laboratory practices that must be included in the laboratory safety manual

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12
Q

Hazard Communication Standard

A

Employers MUST communicate info about the hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees with exposure risk
Communication must be in writing including training programs
Chemicals must be labeled on the container
MSDS must be maintained and accessible

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13
Q

General Shipping Rules for Biozards

A

Leak-proof specimen container
Absorbent material to clean up leaks
A second watertight material layer (plastic bag)
List of contents attached (lab order form)
Appropriate shipping carton

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14
Q

Biohazards

A

Biological substances that pose a threat to human health as well as those substances that are harmful to animals

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15
Q

Dilutions

A

Refers to lessening the concentration level of a solution

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16
Q

Centrifuge

A

A piece of equipment that spins samples at high speed

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17
Q

Incubator

A

A piece of equipment that is used to maintain a constant and suitable temperature for the development of cultures of microorganisms or other living cells

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18
Q

Pipette

A

A calibrated, transparent, open-ended tube made out of glass or plastic that is used to measure or transfer small quantities of a liquid or gas

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19
Q

Refractive Index

A

A measure of the degree that light bends as it passes from one medium to another

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20
Q

Refractometer

A

A device that measures the refractive index of a solution (total solids in a solution)
Measures:
Urine- specific gravity
Plasma- total protein

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21
Q

Supernatant

A

The fluid portion of a sample that is present in centrifugation

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22
Q

List the types of equipment commonly found in the vet practice lab

A

Tubes
Centrifuge
Refractometer
Pipettes
Stain
Temp controlling equipment
Automated analyzers
Microscope

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23
Q

List 3 parts of test tube quality control

A
  1. Expiration date
  2. Watch for broken glass
  3. Check rubber stopper tubes for punctures (no longer sterile if punctured)
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24
Q

Sediment (Precipitate or Pellet)

A

Solid piece at the bottom

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25
Q

What is the difference between horizontal- and angled-head centrifuges?

A
  1. Horizontal-head centrifuge:
    Cups hang vertically when stopped and swing out to horizontal
  2. Angled-head centrifuge:
    Cups hang at a preset 52-degree angle and don’t move at all
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26
Q

List the general rules for centrifuge use

A

Verify the load is properly balanced
Ensure the lid is tightly closed before operation
Do NOT open the lid until the centrifuge comes to a complete stop
Clean all spills immediately and thoroughly remove broken glass

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27
Q

Quality control for centrifuges

A

Maintenence
Records of maintenence
Time measurement
Speed measurements

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28
Q

Quality control of refractometers

A

Calibrate weekly with room temp distilled water
Record in maintenance log

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29
Q

List the 3 types of pipettes

A

Transfer
Graduated
Volumetric

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30
Q

Describe Romanowsky stain (Diff-Quik stain)

A

3 fluid compartments:
Methanol (blue) fixative
Eosinophilic (pink) stain
Basophilic (purple) stain
2 sets:
Ears and rears
Cytology

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31
Q

Romanowsky stain quality control

A

Change when dirty/floaters
Record date changed and inital
Read instructions before dumping down the drain

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32
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin stain

A

Contains crystal-violet stain and safranin stain
Used for staining urine sediment

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33
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin stain quality control

A

Make weekly slide of only stain
If bacterial contamination, order new and discard
Record opening date on bottles

34
Q

List types of temperature controlling equipment

A

Refrigerator
Incubator
Heat block
Water bath

35
Q

Refrigerator Quality Control

A

Record temp twice daily for both freezer and fridge

36
Q

Incubator Quality Control

A

Record temp twice daily
Refill dish of water

37
Q

Heater Block/Water Block Quality Control

A

Record temp twice daily
Confirm temp/water level prior to use
Turn off when not in use

38
Q

List automated analyzers used at an in-house clinic

A

Hematology
Clinical chemistry
Electrolyte
Urine
Coagulation
Blood gas
Immunology

39
Q

Anemia

A

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

40
Q

Complete blood count

A

Counting of erythrocytes and leukocytes

41
Q

Histogram

A

Graph that provides a visual report of sizes(on the x-axis) and numbers(on the y-axis) of the various cell components

42
Q

Impedance analyzer

A

A type of analyzer that counts particles based on their displacement of electrolyte solution when the particles pass through an aperture
Allows cells to be classified based on their size

43
Q

Laser flow cytometry

A

Use a focused laser beam to evaluate the size and density of solid components

44
Q

Neubauer rulings

A

A specific pattern of precise markings on a hematocytometer slide that facilitates the counting of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets in the blood and of all cells in other fluid

45
Q

Polycythemia

A

An increase in the number of circulating red blood cells
Also called erythrocytosis

46
Q

Quantitative Buffy coat analysis

A

Uses differential centrifiguation and staining to provide an estimation of cellular elements

47
Q

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

A

Measures the differences in volume and size of red blood cells

48
Q

List the types hematology analyzers

A

Impedance analyzers
Laser-based analyzers
Buffy coat analyzers

49
Q

Describe how the electrical impedance analyzer works

A
  1. The blood sample is taken into the anazlyzer
  2. The sample is diluted into an electrolyte solution
  3. A small electrical current is passed between internal and external electrodes
  4. The sample is drawn through the aperture
  5. Blood cells impede the electrical charge in proportion to their size
  6. Analyzer reads the impedance amount as the size of the blood cell
  7. Analyzer interprets cell type based on a set reference range for the impedance level
50
Q

Describe how the laser-based flow cytometer analyzer works

A

Uses a focused laser beam to count and classify the size and density of cells
The degree and direction of scattered light is measured for each cell
Dyes can be added to determine mature or immature RBCs

51
Q

Describe how Buffy coat analyzers works

A

The blood is spun down in the centrifuge to form a Buffy coat (later of cells containing WBCs and platelets)
It provides a hematocrit (HCT) and estimate of WBCs and platelets
Best used as a screening tool

52
Q

Describe the care and maintenance of automated hematology analyzers

A

Maintain the tubes, pumps, lights, and valves
Use the owner’s manual
Record daily maintenance and calibration results
Monitor expiration dates and amounts of reagents, standards, and controls

53
Q

Describe the procedures for the manual counting of cells

A

Leukopet system- uses a premeasured volume of phloxine as a diluent and is mixed with the appropriate volume of blood
The mixture is placed on a hemocytometer which is a counting chamber to determine the number of cells per microliter

54
Q

Binocular

A

A microscope that has 2 eye pieces

55
Q

Compound light microscope

A

A microscope that generates an image by using a combination of lenses

56
Q

Condenser

A

The part of the microscope that consists of 2 lenses that focus light from the light source on the object being viewed
Light is focused by raising or lowering the condenser

57
Q

Dark-field microscope

A

A type of microscope that is used primarily in reference laboratories especially for viewing unstained specimens

58
Q

Fluorescent microscope

A

A type of microscope that is capable of viewing fluorescent particles such as an antibody labeled with specific fluorescent dye

59
Q

Numerical aperture

A

A measure of the efficiency of a microscope objective lens
It is proportional to the square root of the amount of light that enters the instrument

60
Q

Objective lens

A

A lens that accepts light from the output phosphor of an image intensifier tube and converts it into a parallel beam to record the image on film

61
Q

Ocular

A

Pertaining to the eye

62
Q

Phase-contrast microscope

A

A type of light microscope that involves a special condenser and objective lens with a phase-shifting ring
It is used to visualize small differences in refractive index as differences in intensity or contrast

63
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of an imaging process to distinguish adjacent structures in the object
An important measure in image quality

64
Q

Planachromatic

A

An objective that corrects for chromatic aberration in two wavelengths and spherical aberration in green, in addition to field curvature

65
Q

Ocular lenses function

A

Usually available in 4 objective lenses with different magnification power
4x (scanning)
10x (low power)
40x (high dry)
100x (oil immersion)

66
Q

Revolving nose piece

A

Allows selection of objective

67
Q

Stage

A

Supports the slide

68
Q

Slide holder

A

Grasps the slide

69
Q

Mechanical Stage Control

A

Knobs that move the slide side

70
Q

Light

A

Shies under stage to illuminate slide

71
Q

Light Intensity Control

A

Helps adjust the light brightness
Brighter for higher magnifications

72
Q

Sub-stage Condenser

A

Raise and lower the resolution

73
Q

Aperture iris knob/level

A

Open or close to control amount of light
Operates similar to how the eye’s iris constricts or dilates

74
Q

Arm or Handle

A

Used for carrying the microscope

75
Q

Explain the difference between the fine and coarse adjustment knobs

A

Coarse focus
-moves the stage up and down to bring image into focus (large movement)
-ALWAYS start with lowest power objective in place before using
-NEVER use with high power objective (it will break the slide!)

Fine focus
-used to bring the image into focus with any objective using minimal movement of the stage

76
Q

Describe steps in examining a slide

A
  1. Turn the stage to the lowest point using the course focus knob
  2. Load the slide using the stage holder
  3. Turn the nose piece until the 10x objective is in place
  4. Look through the eye pieces to adjust for your comfort
  5. Use the coarse focus knob to bring the stage up and focus the image
  6. Adjust the condenser height for best resolution of plane on slide
77
Q

Describe how to examine a slide under 40x objective lens

A

Choose a suitable spot to examine and rotate the nose piece to drop the 40x objective into place
Use the FINE focus knob to bring the slide image into focus
NO COARSE FOCUS KNOB!
NO IMMERSION OIL!

78
Q

Describe how to examine a slide under the 100x objective lens

A

Slowly rotate the nose piece, stopping between the 40x and the 100x
Apply a drop of immersion oil where the 100x objective will “touch” the slide
Continue to rotate the nosepiece to move the 100x objective into place
Use FINE focus knob!
NO COARSE FOCUS KNOB!

79
Q

Describe how to complete an examination of a slide

A

Turn the light off
Slowly rotate the nosepiece back to the smallest ibjective lens
Lower the stage completely
Remove the slide from the stage

80
Q

Describe care of the microscope

A

Clean the oil-immersion objective with a high-quality lens tissues after each use
Only use methanol or the lens cleaning solution
Turn off the light between uses
Cover the microscope when not in use

81
Q

Describe maintenance of the microscope

A

Anuual cleaning and adjustment by a microscope professional
Keep a log of cleaning and maintenance

82
Q

List components of a comprehensive quality control program

A

Qualifications of lab personnel
Standard operating procedures for care and use of all supplies and equipment
Sample collection and handling methods
Methods and frequency of performance of quality control assays
Record-keeping procedures

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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