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Clin Path 1 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Paracentesis of the abdomen

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2
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

The removal of fluid from a joint

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3
Q

Centesis

A

Fluid samples that are collected from body cavities

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4
Q

Fine-needle biopsy

A

A sample collection method in which tissue is obtained by puncture of a lesion

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5
Q

Paracentesis

A

The removal of fluid from a body cavity

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6
Q

Punch biopsy

A

The removal of living tissue for microscopic examination with the use of a punch

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7
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

The removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity

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8
Q

Transtracheal wash

A

Performed to help obtain samples from the trachea, bronchi, or bronchioles to help assist in diagnosing pulmonary disease

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9
Q

Tzanck preparation

A

Type of imprint collection that can be used on external lesions

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10
Q

Wedge biopsy

A

A bigger elliptical biopsy specimen of 1 cm or more

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11
Q

List the techniques that can be used for the collection of cytology samples

A

Swab, scrape, or imprint technique can be used for solid masses
Fine-needle biopsy via aspiration or nonaspiration
Centesis
Transtracheal wash
Concentration technique

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12
Q

Describe the procedure for collecting samples by swabbing

A

The area is cleaned with a moist, sterile cotton or Rayon swab
The swab is moistened to help reduce cell damage (if the area is moist then the swab can be dry)
After collection, the swab is fluently rolled along the surface of a clean slide and stained (Ear cytologies should be heat fixed to help reduce excess amounts of wax)

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13
Q

Describe the procedure for collecting samples of imprinting

A

The sample must be blotted to remove excess blood
The sample surface is then touched to the glass slide

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14
Q

Describe the techniques for fine-needle biopsy sample collection

A

Aspiration Procedure: The needle with the attached syringe is inserted into the center of the mass, and the plunger is pulled back approximately 3/4 the volume of the syringe. When material is observed in the hub, the negative pressure is relieved and the needle is withdrawn from the mass. The needle is removed from the syringe and air is pulled into the syringe before the needle is reattached. The sample is expelled out of the hub and onto a clean slide
Nonaspirate Procedure (Capillary technique, stab technique): The mass is held firmly while penetrating the mass with a 22-guage needle and rapidly moving the needle back and forth through the mass 5-6 times along the same tract. The needle is removed and attached to a 10mL syringe filled with air. The sample is expelled onto a clean glass microscope and then smeared

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15
Q

Describe the techniques for transtracheal wash sample collection

A

Orotracheal: passing a catheter through an endotracheal tube in an anesthetized animal
Nasotracheal: passing a catheter through the nasal passages
Percutaneous: passing a catheter through the skin and trachea in a conscious sedated animal

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16
Q

Describe the general procedure for collecting samples by centesis

A

The site is aseptically prepared and all supplies are gathered
A 60mL syringe with a 21-guage needle is typically used
For thoracocentesis, the patient is usually standing while the needle is inserted in the 7th or 8th intercostal space along the cranial aspect of the rib
For abdominocentesis, the patient can be standing or laterally recumbent while the needle is inserted into the ventral abdomen to the right of the midline
Total collection of fluid should be noted along with characteristics such as color and turbidity
Several smears should be prepared at the time of collection and a portion of the fluid should be collected in an EDTA tube

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17
Q

List the methods that can be used to concentrate cytology samples

A

Low-speed centrifugation
Gravitational sedimentation
Membrane filtration
Cytocentrifugation

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18
Q

Compression smears

A
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19
Q

Fixative

A
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20
Q

Impression smears

A
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21
Q

Line smears

A
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22
Q

Modified compression preparations

A
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23
Q

New methylene blue (NMB)

A
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24
Q

Romanowsky stains

A
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25
Q

Starfish smears

A
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26
Q

List the methods that can be used to prepare cytology samples of evaluation

A

Impression smears
Compression smears
Modified compression preparations
Line smears
Starfish smears
Wedge smears

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27
Q

Describe the technique for performing the compression

A

A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto a glass microscope slide
Another slide is placed over the sample, thereby spreading the sample
The slides are smoothly slid part, which usually well-spread smears but this may result in excessive cell rupture

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28
Q

Describe the technique for performing the line smear

A

A drop of fluid sample is placed on a glass microscope slide close to one end
Another slide is slid backward to make contact with the front of the drop. When the drip is contacted, it rapidly spreads along the juncture between 2 slides
The spreader slide is then smoothly and rapidly slid forward
After the spreader slide has been advanced approx. 2/3 of the distance required to make a smear with a feathered edge, the spreader slide is raised directly upward.

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29
Q

Describe the technique for performing the starfish smears

A

A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto a glass microscope slide
The tip of a needle is placed in the aspirate and moved peripherally to pull a tail of the sample with it. The procedure is repeated in several directions, which results in a preparation with multiple projections

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30
Q

Describe the technique for performing the modified compression smear

A

A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto the glass microscope slide
Another slide is placed over the sample, causing the sample to spread. If necessary, gentle digital pressure can be applied to the top slide to spread the sample more.
The top slide is rotated approx. 45 degrees and lifted directly upward to produce a squash prep with subtle ridges and valleys of cells

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31
Q

Describe the procedure for fixing and staining cytology samples

A

95% methanol is the preferred fixative for cytology specimens
The prepared cytology slides should remain in the fixative for 2-5 minutes before staining
Longer fixative times will improve the quality of the staining procedure and not harm the samples

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32
Q

List the potential problems with staining that may be encountered, and describe possible solutions

A

Possible problems:
Excessive blue or pink staining
Weak staining
Uneven staining
Precipitates or preparation
Possible solutions:
Always use new, clean slides
Fresh, filtered stains and fresh buffer solution should be used
Cytologic preparations should be fixed immediately after air drying unless they are being sent to an outside lab
The surface of the slide or smear should not be touched at any time by human hands

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33
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Variation in the size of the nuclei of cells in a sample

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34
Q

Anisonucleoliosis

A

Variation in the size of nucleoli

35
Q

Benign

A

A term used to describe a tumor or growth that is not malignant

36
Q

Carcinoma

A

A term that describes tumors of epithelial cell origin

37
Q

Discrete round cell tumors

A

A neoplasia that is characterized by cells with discrete round shapes
Ex. Mast cell tumors, histocytomas, lymphomas, plasmacytomas, and transmissible venereal tumors

38
Q

Eosinophilic

A

A term that refers to an increase in circulating eosinophils or a reddish appearance of cells or components of cells that have a high affinity for stains with acid pH

39
Q

Epithelial cell tumors

A

A type of neoplasm associated with a clustered arrangement of cells into ball shapes or monolayer sheets
Ex. Lung adenocarcinoma, perianal adenoma, basal cell tumors, sebaceous adenoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and mesothelioma

40
Q

Granulomatous

A

A term that refers to an inflammatory condition that is characterized by high numbers (more than 70%) of macrophages

41
Q

Histiocytoma

A

A tumor that contains histiocytes (macrophages)

42
Q

Karyolysis

A

A degeneration of dissolution of a cell nucleus

43
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

The fragmentation of a cell nucleus

44
Q

Lymphoma

A

A neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue

45
Q

Malignant

A
46
Q

Mast cell tumors

A

A benign local aggregation of mast cells that forms a nodular tumor that occurs in the skin of most species (most commonly dogs)

47
Q

Melanoma

A

A tumor that arises from melanocytes of the skin or other organs

48
Q

Mesenchymal cell tumors

A

Tumors of mixed mesenchymal tissues with 2 or more cellular elements that are not commonly associated (not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements)

49
Q

Neoplasia

A

A generic term that is used to describe any growth
Often used to describe a tumor which may be malignant or benign

50
Q

Nuclear molding

A

A deformation of nuclei by other nuclei within the same cell or adjacent cells

51
Q

Plasma cell tumors

A

An extramedullary myeloma
This type of tumor occurs outside of the bone marrow and it usually affects the visceral organs or the nasophaeyngeal and oral mucosa

52
Q

Pleomorphism

A

A term that refers to something that takes a variety of shapes and forms or that has multiple morphologies

53
Q

Pyknosis

A

The presence of condensed nuclear chromatic in a degenerating cell

54
Q

Pyogranulomatous

A

A term used to describe a cytology sample that is characterized by the presence of macrophages representing more than 15% of total nucleated cells in the sample

55
Q

Sarcoma

A

A generic term that is used to describe any cancer that arises from cells of the connective tissues

56
Q

Suppurative

A

Containing, discharging, or causing the production of pus
Cytology sample characterized by the presence of neutrophils representing more that 85% of total nucleated cells in the sample
Also described as purulent

57
Q

Transmissible venereal tumors

A
58
Q

Describe the general procedure for the evaluation of cytology samples

A

The initial evaluation of the cytology preparation should be performed on low magnification (100×) to determine if all areas are adequately stained and to detect any localized areas of increased cellularity. This initial evaluation should be used to characterize the cellularity and composition of the sample by recording the types of cells present and the relative number of each type.
A high-power (400–450×) examination should then be performed to evaluate and compare individual cells and to further characterize the types of cells present. Oil immersion must be used to identify specific abnormal nuclear criteria and cytoplasmic inclusions indicative of malignancy.

59
Q

Describe the general appearance of samples from inflammatory lesions

A

Nuclear changes that might be found in inflammatory cells (i.e., neutrophils) include karyolysis, karyorrhexis, and pyknosis.
The presence of bacteria should be noted.
Septic inflammatory cells contain phagocytized microorganisms, and dditional phagocytized material may include erythrocytes or parasites.

60
Q

Describe the general appearance of samples from neoplastic lesions

A

Normally contain homogenous populations of a single cell type
Benign neoplasia is described as hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells

61
Q

State the nuclear criteria of malignancy

A

Anisokaryosis
Pleomorphism
High or variable nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
Increased mitotic activity
Coarse chromatin pattern
Nuclear molding
Multinucleation
Nucleoli that vary in size, shape, and number

62
Q

Differentiate between suppurative, granulomatous, pyogranulomatous, and eosinophilic inflammation

A

Suppurative: Containing, discharging, or causing the production of pus
Granulomatous: high numbers (more than 70%) of macrophages
Pyogranulomatous: the presence of macrophages representing more than 15% of total nucleated cells in the sample
Eosinophilic inflammation: the presence of more that 10% of eosinophils in addition to increased numbers of neutrophils

63
Q

Describe the general tumor types and state characteristics from each

A

Epithelial cell tumors: tend to be highly cellular and often exfoliate in clumps or sheets
Mesenchymal cell tumors: tend to have low cellularity, and they exfoliate singly or in wispy spindles
Discrete round cell tumors: tend to exfoliate very well but are usually not in clumps or clusters

64
Q

Cornified

A

Keratinized
Used to describe epithelial cells as seen in a vaginal cytology smear from a patient in estrus

65
Q

Curschmann’s spirals

A

The coiled mucinous fibrils that are sometimes found in cytologic preparations of bronchial samples

66
Q

Exudate

A

A fluid accumulation that results from inflammatory processes
Characterized by increased cellularity and protein concentration

67
Q

Lymphoma

A

A neoplastic disorder of lymphoid disorder

68
Q

Modified transudate

A

A transudate with additional protein, cells, or both
It may be a transitional stage that ultimately progresses into an exudate

69
Q

Parabasal

A
70
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A

A naturally produced fluid in the abdominal cavity that lubricates surfaces, thereby preventing friction between the peritoneal membrane and the internal organs

71
Q

Pleural fluid

A
72
Q

Reactive lymph node

A
73
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A transparent, viscous fluid that is secreted by synovial membranes and that acts as a lubricant for many joints, bursae, and tendons
It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts

74
Q

Transudate

A

An effusion that is characterized by a low protein concentration and a low total nucleated cell count

75
Q

Wave motion

A
76
Q

Describe the characteristics of samples of normal peritoneal and pleural fluid

A

Colorless to straw yellow and transparent to slightly turbid
Odorless

77
Q

State the criteria that are used to classify a sample as an exudate, a transudate, or a modified transudate

A

Exudate - colored, opaque, high number of cells, high total protein count; characteristic of inflammation
Transudate - clear, relatively colorless, few to no cells, low protein; not inflammatory
Modified transudate - Somewhere in the middle (i.e., some color, some opacity, some cells, some protein); an originally pure transudate that has been modified after sitting awhile in a body cavity, thus acquiring some inflammatory characteristics

78
Q

List and describe the cell types that are seen in normal lymph nodes

A

Lymphocytes, small: slightly larger than RBC, scanty cytoplasm, dense nucleus
Lymphocytes, intermediate: nucleus approx twice as large as RBC, abundant cytoplasm
Lymphoblasts: 2-4 times as large as an RBC, usually contains a nucleolus, diffuse nuclear chromatin
Plasma cells: eccentrically located nucleus, trailing basophilic cytoplasm, and perinuclear clear zone, vacuoles and/or Russell bodies may be present
Plasmablasts: similar to lymphoblasts with more abundant basophilic cytoplasm, may contain vacuoles
Neutrophils: may appear similar to neutrophils seen in blood smears or show degenerative changes
Macrophages: large phagocytic cell, may contain phagocytized debris, microorganisms, and so on, abundant cytoplasm
Mast cells: round cells that are usually slightly larger than lymphoblasts, distinctive purple-staining granules may not stain adequately with Diff-Quik
Carcinoma: epithelial tissue origin, usually found in clusters, pleomorphic
Sarcoma cells: connective tissue origin; usually occur singly with spindle-shaped cytoplasm
Histiocytes: large, pleomorphic, and single or multinuclear, nuclei are round to oval

79
Q

Describe the appearance of a sample from a reactive lymph node

A

Contain predominantly small, mature lymphocytes as well as plasma cells, lymphoblasts, and intermediate lymphocytes

80
Q

Describe the characteristics of samples of normal synovial fluid

A

Clear to straw yellow and nonturbid
Contains few erythrocytes
Sticky
Contains at least 90% mono-nuclear cells and less than 10% neutrophils

81
Q

Describe the appearance of samples collected via tracheal wash

A

Contains few cells, usually with a small amount of mucus
Ciliated epithelial cells predominate
Columnar to cuboidal, with a polar nucleus on the border opposite the cilia

82
Q

Describe the appearance of vaginal cytology samples from a normal female

A

Parabasal cellsare the smallest and have a high nucleus to cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio (i.e., ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume), the nuclei are round, and the cytoplasm is basophilic (i.e., easily stained with basic dyes). Parabasal cells that contain vacuoles (i.e., small cellular spaces) are calledfoam cells. Intermediate cellsvary in size, but in general, they’re twice thesize of the parabasals. The N:C ratio is decreased, with abundant amounts of cytoplasm. Parabasal cell borders are round to irregular and folded. Sometimes these cells are referred to assuperficial intermediate cellsortransitional intermediate cells. Superficial cellshave small round to shrunken pyknotic (i.e., thickened) nuclei and much light blue cytoplasm with angular borders (“cornflake” appearance). As superficial cells age, they lose their nuclei completely, a process calledcornification.

83
Q

Describe the evaluations that are performed on semen samples

A

Volume of ejaculated
Gross appearance of ejaculated
Sperm motility
Sperm concentration
Live-to-dead Ratio
Sperm morphology
Presence of other cells in semen

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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