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Chemistry > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of specimen?

A
  • Random
  • First Morning
  • Timed
  • 24 hours
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2
Q

How can urine be collected?

A
  • Clean catch
  • Catheter
  • Suprapubic
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3
Q

What are some preservatives for urine?

A
  • Boric acid
  • HCL
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Formalin
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4
Q

How much sample do you need for testing?

A

Minimum 12 mL
preferably 50 mL

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5
Q

What is the preferred sample for chemical analysis?

A

First morning

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6
Q

What is the most common sample collected?

A

Random

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7
Q

What are not acceptable samples?

A
  • Fecal contam
  • Bathroom tissue
  • Foreign materials
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8
Q

What changes can occur is urine stands at room temp for longer than 2 hours?

A
  • deterioration of formed elements
  • Bilirubin and urobilinogen are unstable
  • pH change
  • Bacteria incubation
  • Lysis
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9
Q

How should urine samples be transported?

A

Refrigerated and with a sub culture on agar

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10
Q

What does QC check for ?

A
  • Checks the strip
  • Checks the analyzer
  • Checks the technique
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11
Q

How often should QC be ran?

A

2 levels every 24 hours

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12
Q

How much urine does one produce a day?

A

600 - 1,500 mL / day

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13
Q

What are the physical characteristics of urine are examined?

A
  • Colour
  • Clarity
  • Amount
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14
Q

What determines concentration of urine?

A

Specific gravity and osmolarity

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15
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

concentration and diluting ability of the kidneys
- affected by glucose and proteins

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16
Q

What are the different diabetes?

A

Mellitus: deficient in insulin

Insipidus: deficient in ADH

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17
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Concentrating and diluting ability of the kidneys
- costly
- better than specific gravity

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18
Q

What does glycosuria/ glucosuria mean?

A

significant amount of glucose in urine

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19
Q

What does Hematuria mean?

A

presence of blood or intact RBC in urine

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20
Q

What does hemoglobinuria mean?

A

presence of free hemoglobin in the urine caused by intravascular hemolysis

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21
Q

What does myoglobinuria mean?

A

myoglobin in the heme protein of striated muscles present in urine.

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22
Q

What is the freezing point depression?

A

measurement based on how long it takes urine to freeze
*when more substance is there the longer it may take to freeze .

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23
Q

What is reflectance spectrophotometry used in urinalysis?

A

Light is shined on the urine pad and the reflectance of the light is measured.

24
Q

What does polyuria mean?

A

more than normal urine output

25
Q

What does anuria mean?

A

Absence of urine

26
Q

What does oliguria mean?

A

Excretion less than 500 mL of urine.

27
Q

What is the name of the slide used for urine microscopy?

A

Deci slides

28
Q

What determines if urine is microscopically examined?

A

presence of
- Proteins
- RBC
- WBC
- Nitrites

29
Q

What happens when there too much urine on test strip?

A

run over effect

30
Q

What is the average pH of urine?

A

6

31
Q

What protein is the reagent test strip sensitive for?

A

Albumin

32
Q

What can cause protein false pos’s?

A

Alkaline pH
Dipping too long
Cleaners

33
Q

What can cause protein false neg’s?

A

Diluted urine
proteins other than albumin

34
Q

What is the threshold for glucose?

A

10 mmol/L

35
Q

What are false pos’s for glucose?

A

Cleaning agents
urobilinogen

36
Q

What can cause false neg’s for glucose?

A

Temp (cold)
Vit.C
High ketones

37
Q

How are ketones formed?

A

during the catabolism of fatty acids

38
Q

What are false pos’s for ketones?

A

drugs
high specific gravity + low pH
Highly pigmented urines

39
Q

What are false neg’s for ketones?

A

any ketone produced that isn’t acetone

40
Q

What are the three ketones?

A
  • Acetone
  • Diacetic acid
  • B- hydroxybutyrate
41
Q

Which ketone is tested for?

A

Acetone

42
Q

What are false pos’s for occult blood?

A

Bleach
high bac content
betadine

43
Q

What are false neg’s for occult blood?

A

failure to mix sample
Vit.C
formalin

44
Q

How are bilirubin and urobilinogen produced?

A

breakdown of hemoglobin

45
Q

What happens when bilirubin is exposed to light?

A

oxidizes greens biliverdin

46
Q

What are false pos’s for bilirubin?

A
  • waiting too long to read
  • drugs
  • metabolites
47
Q

What are false neg’s for bilirubin?

A

Vit. C
elevated nitrites
light
room temp too long

48
Q

What are false pos’s for urobilinogen?

A

high bilirubin

49
Q

What are false neg’s for urobilinogen?

A

high nitrite
formalin
improper storage

50
Q

What produce nitrites?

A
  • Ecoli
  • Enterobacters
  • Klebsiella
    (organisms that cause UTI)
51
Q

What are false pos’s for nitrites?

A

allowing urine to stand
red urine

52
Q

What are false neg’s for nitrites?

A

Vit.C
high specific gravity
high urobilinogen

53
Q

Which leukocyte is the most common for leukocyte esterase results?

A

Neutrophils

54
Q

What are false pos’s for leukocyte esterase?

A

detergents
vaginal discharge
preservatives

55
Q

What are false neg’s for leukocyte esterase?

A

high specific gravity
urine with glucose and proteins
drugs

Chemistry (4 decks)

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