urethra surgery Flashcards
what is a hypospadia?
developmental abnormality that is incomplete formation of penile urethra
what is urethral prolapse ?
protrusion of urethral mucosa through orifice
what are the clinical signs of urethral prolapse?
- bleeding from prepuce
- licking
- red-purple mass
how do we treat urethral prolapse ?
- mild cases: reduce and purse string or urethropexy
- severe cases: resection and anastomosis
- should also castrate if not already
what causes urethral trauma ?
- blunt trauma
- pelvic or os penis fracture
- obstruction
- iatrogenic - catheterization
how do you diagnose urethral trauma?
- radiographs
- positive contrast urethrogram
how do you treat urethral trauma?
urinary diversion with a catheter or cystostomy tube, in cases of rupture anastomosis and repair might be needed
where is urethral obstruction most common in dogs?
the ischial arch and caudal penis
where is urethral obstruction most common in cats?
distal 1/3 of urethra
how do we diagnose urethra obstruction?
- radiographs
- ultrasound
- contrast urethrography (help show where obstruction is)
what are the goals of treatment with urethral obstruction?
- temporarily relieve obstruction
- treat UTI
- normalize electrolytes
- prevent reoccurrence
how do you temporarily relieve urethral obstruction due to calculi ?
retrograde hydropropulsion, cystotomy may have to be done after hydropropulsion and if that is unsuccessful urethrotomy can be done
what is the indication for a urethrotomy and what are the methods available?
- removing calculi
- prescrotal and perineal
why is the perineal method preferred less than a prescrotal method for a urethrotomy
the is a higher risk of infection and the urethra is deeper to access in the perineal approach
what is the preferred urethrostomy method in dogs?
scrotal approach
what procedure is used as a salvage procedure in cats with frequent obstructions due to calculi ?
perineal urethrostomy
what is a disadvantage of prescrotal urethostomy ?
higher chance of urine scald
what gland do you dissect down to when doing a perineal urethrostomy in a cat?
bulbourethral gland - BBU
how do you make sure the urethral orifice is wide enough in a PU surgery ?
use the mosquito hemostats to the hinge
what are common complications in perineal urethrostomy surgeries in cats?
- hemorrhage
- UTI
- stricture
- SQ urine
- urinary incontinence
when is an antepubic urethrostomy indicated?
- recurrent pelvic urethral obstruction
- failed perineal urethrostomy that cant be revised
