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Sociology 210 > Urbanization, Population, Environment > Flashcards

Urbanization, Population, Environment Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Environmental sustainability vs. capital accumulation

A
  • env. sust: egree to which human activity can happen without damaging the ecology
  • cap acc: gaining more capital
  • these are competing logics in Canada
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2
Q

cancer cluster

A

area with proportionally high cancer rates (ex. near Alberta tar sands)

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3
Q

environmental sociologists (and their functionalist, critical, and symbolic interactionist viewpoints)

A
  • study how humans interact with environments
  • functionalists: primary way to survive is adapt to environment
  • crit soc: interests that promote exploitation of natural resources for private profit have contributed to society’s disequilibrium with environment
  • sym it: looks at how peoples’ attitudes to environments have changed, and how their practices (ie. recycling) have changed as a result of environmental concerns
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4
Q

demography

A
  • study of populations

- its 3 aspects: fertility, mortality, migration

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5
Q

fertility rate

A
  • number of children born
  • generally lower than fecundity number (potential amount of kids that could be born to women of childbearing age)
  • crude birthrate: number of births per 1000 people per year
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6
Q

mortality rate

A
  • number of people who die

- crude death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

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7
Q

migration

A
  • movement of people into and out of an area

- can be immigration (coming in) or emigration (leaving)

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8
Q

population composition is made up of

A
  • made up of fertility, mortality, and migration rates -> creates demographic profile of a population
  • includes sex ratio (number of men for every 100 women)
  • includes population pyramid (population distribution by sex and age)
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9
Q

4 theories about population

A
  • Malthusian
  • zero population growth
  • cornucopian
  • demographic transition
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10
Q

positive checks vs. preventative checks

A
  • Positive checks: increase mortality rate and create suffering and misery (ex. War, pestilence, famine)
  • Preventative checks: decrease birth rate and create vice (ex. abortion, infanticide, prostitution)
  • Malthus didn’t agree with any of these options
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11
Q

cornucopian theory

A
  • humans won’t be wiped out -> we can resolve any environmental and social issues that develop
  • ex. if food is scarce, we’ll figure out how to grow more
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12
Q

demographic transition theory

A
  • population growth will develop along 4 stage model
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13
Q

staple thesis

A
  • Proposed by Harold Innis (1894-1952)
  • Suggested that Canada was founded upon staple industries established to export to empire societies such as US and England -> Staples include fisheries, lumbering, mining, etc. (“primary industries” -> related to raw material extraction)
  • Canada is composed of resource-based communities centering around primary industries to meet the needs of industrialized nations -> These communities are also very vulnerable as they are dependent on other places that want their resources
  • Explains the emergence of Canada’s regionalized economy and cultural ties to Europe and the US
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14
Q

implications of staple thesis

A
  • Foreign ownership: much of the capital and technology for resource extraction comes from core nations
  • Market vulnerability: resource-based economies depend on a large blue collar workforce and lacks employment diversification; ultimately vulnerable to market demands of other countries
  • Losing autonomy: allows room for cultural penetration (ie. From the US)
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15
Q

demographic equation

A
  • Note: Pop t+1 means “population in the future”
  • Pop t+1 + Natural increase + net migration = population change
  • Pop t+1 + (Births – deaths) + (immigration – emigration) = population change
  • Note: often measured as a rate per capita
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16
Q

birth rate and total fertility rate

A
  • Birth rate = number of live births per 1000
  • Total fertility rate = average children per woman (2.1 is the average needed to sustain the population -> Canada is below this at about 1.6)
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17
Q

death rate and infant mortality rate

A
  • Death rate = number of deaths per 1000

- Infant mortality rate = number of deaths of infant < 1yr per 1,000 live births

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18
Q

what’s death rate related to?

A
  • general health/condition of the population
  • Prevalence: total number of case/disease
  • Incidence: new cases of a specific disease
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19
Q

life expectacy

A
  • median number of years a person is expected to live under current conditions (“current conditions” meaning no war, no natural disasters, etc.)
  • Within the same country, LE is different depending on social position (class, gender, and race)
20
Q

what’s infant mortality rate linked to?

A
  • society’s level of healthcare -> Level of nutrition -> Scope of medical care (degree of expertise) -> Availability of pre/post-natal care
  • Largely correlated with level of socio-economic development
21
Q

Malthus’ thesis

A
  • People need to eat and have sex
  • Malthus argues that food supply increases in linear progression, whereas population expands by exponential progression
  • The world’s population was growing more rapidly than the available food supply
  • Material growth produces much “misery and vice”
22
Q

Malthus’s suggestions

A
  • 2 forces can control population: preventative checks and positive checks
  • To avoid vice and suffering, Malthus saw population control as an answer. He argued that couples must take responsibility for the number of children they choose to bear.
  • To avoid overpopulation, welfare should be eliminated since it encourages the poor to have more children -> however, this logic was flawed -> he was basically saying that people want to have kids so that they’ll get welfare checks, which isn’t true
23
Q

Malthusian trap

A
  • Cycles of population growth are often followed by outbreaks of war, pestilence, and famine that keeps population in check
  • Every population has an upper limit, and anything beyond that limit will create social problems
24
Q

Marx’s response to Malthus

A
  • Marx saw no special relationship between population and supply of resources
  • If society was well ordered, increases in population should lead to greater wealth, not hunger and misery
  • Social problem is linked not to overpopulation, but to unequal distribution of resources; suffering and injustice can exist even when population limit is not reached
25
Q

Critiques against Malthus

A
  • Technological advances have allowed rapid growth in how much food is produced, opposite of the slow growth scenario Malthus predicted
  • Contraceptive devices and technologies have allowed people to control the consequences of sex; preventive checks are not necessary condition for vice
  • Theory do not always fit the data; some regions of the world have experienced rapid growth and yet has become some of the most properous regions of the world (ie. Europe)
  • Welfare does not encourage people to have more children; low fertility rates of often found in countries with generous welfare programs (ex. Canada, Sweden, etc.)
26
Q

demographic transition

A
  • Describes how society’s population changes over time (general trend, not a law or formula)
  • Focuses on change from (high birth rates and death rates) to relatively (low birth rates and death rates)
  • A process that describes industrialized nations
  • Typically viewed as a 3-stage process: pre-transition stage, transition stage, post-transition stage
27
Q

pre-transition stage

A
  • a lot of people giving birth and a lot of people dying (ex. 19th century North America)
  • High death rate due to:
    • Famine (no food, failed harvest)
    • Poor medical knowledge and treatment of diseases
    • Poor sanitation
  • High birth rate due to:
    • Many die at a young age -> need replacement
    • Many children needed for farming
    • No family planning
28
Q

transition stage

A
  • where you see the population boom -> lots of people give birth, but not a lot of people die (ex. Afghanistan)
  • Low death rate due to:
    • Improved food supply
    • Improved medical knowledge
    • Improved sanitation
  • High birth rate due to:
    • Less kids die at young ages due to improved medical care
    • Children still needed for farming (but less)
    • Some family planning
29
Q

post-transition stage

A
  • low birth and death rate (ex. Mexico)
  • Low death rate due to:
    • Steady food supply
    • Good medical care
    • Sanitary environment (due to refrigerator)
  • Low birth rate due to:
    • Children no longer needed for income generation
    • Delayed marriage and fertility due to level of education
    • Family planning
30
Q

population pyramid

A
  • Tool used to describe a population by age and gender
  • Like a snapshot of society
  • can be used to make predictions re: population change
31
Q

key drivers of population change

A
  • baby boom

- policy

32
Q

baby boom

A
  • Period of high fertility
  • Result of soldiers returning home after WWII, high wages and general prosperity encouraged many married couples to buy homes and have children
  • Term “baby boomers” describes those who grew up between 1946-1964
  • most high fertility period in Canada and the US
33
Q

policy

A
  • immigration laws to increase population (ex. Europe)
  • family planning (to control population)
  • Ex. China (1-child policy), Iran (free vasectomies), Singapore (policies to boost fertility rate -> ex. more money to raise kids, housing priority for families, more parental leave, funding assisted reproduction, healthcare, etc.)
34
Q

high fertility, intermediate fertility, low fertility country examples

A
  • High: African countries -> large growth expected
  • Int: US, India, Mexico -> small growth expected
  • Low: China, Australia, European countries -> population decline expcted
35
Q

urbanization

A
  • study of social, political, and economic relationships in cities
  • urbanization reached 50% -> half the world’s population is living in cities
36
Q

3 pre-reqs for development of a city

A
  • good environment with freshwater and nice climate
  • advanced technology
  • strong social organization
37
Q

urbanization in Canada

A
  • proceeded rapidly during industrial era -> workers left farms to move to cities
  • then “the corporate city” added onto this -> people began focusing on finances and corporate management -> high-rises, industrial parks, office towers, etc. were built
  • corporate city turned into postmodern city -> focused on global consumption
38
Q

3 formations characterizing post-modern city

A
  • edge city: cities that have no central core
  • dual cities: divided into wealthy and poor zones
  • fantasy city: transform themselves into theme parks to draw tourists
39
Q

suburbs vs. exurbs

A
  • suburbs: communities surrounding cities, allow more space than city living
  • exurbs: communities outside the suburbs for wealthy families who want even more space
40
Q

gentrification

A

members of upper and middle classes entering less affluent parts of the city and renovating them, forcing out poorer people because they can’t afford to live there anymore

41
Q

metropolis vs. megalopolis

A
  • metropolis: city centers, suburbs, exurbs, and metropolitan areas combined
  • megalopolis: urban corridor encompassing multiple cities and their surrounding suburbs
42
Q

global cities vs. slum cities

A
  • global cities: centres of financial and corporate services, concentrating wealth in corporate sectors (ex. London, New York, Tokyo)
  • slum cities: no access to sanitation, frequented by gangs and prostitution (ex. “City of the Dead”, Quarantina, etc.)
43
Q

concentric zone model

A
  • views cities as series of concentric circular areas expanding outward from city centre
  • as people and business from one zone invade another, its inhabitants are pushed out
44
Q

environmental sociology

A

studies how humans interact with their environments (related to human ecology)

45
Q

pollution

A
  • when contaminants are introduced into the environment at damaging levels
  • ex. water pollution, soil pollution, garbage (landfill and incineration), e-waste, air pollution from fossil fuels, etc.

Sociology 210 (15 decks)

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