Urbanisation/Urban Issues Flashcards
Distinguish between urbanisation, urban growth and urban sprawl
-Urbanisation: larger proprotion of population in cities from migration or natural increase (industrial rev)
-Urban growth: Increase in population of city
-Urban sprawl: Increase in size of city
True/False:
-In 2008, world population become more urban
-India and Nigeria will have the lowest urban growth in next 20 years
-Tokyo is largest megacity currently with over 38 mil residents
True. False (opposite). True
State 4 reasons why urban centres are important for human affairs
-Where political power and decision making is.
-Social/cultural centres e.g. museums.
-Ideas/innovation e.g. universities (tech = smart cities).
-Economic benefits e.g. London financial services
Give 2 general stats relating to megacity growth between 1990 and 2018
-Asia has seen growth of many megacities.
-17/20 fastest growing cities are in Africa, 2024. Industrializing and urbanization. Climate change forces them to change from manufacturing to service. Other countries are highly developed already. Economic takeoff.
Define suburbanisation? Why was it popular in the 30s? Why recently in London? Why after WW2?
-Greater proportion of population/services moving to the edge of the city.
-Greater arterial roads
-London=underground
After 2nd world war, mass house building/ rebuilding.
Give push and pull factors for suburbanisation/counter
Push: -Move away from industry or pollution/congestion to clean country side. Though, pollution often higher due to content ration of transport nodes.
Pull: - Leisure/open space (rural idyll).
-Perceived better education.
-Sense of community.
-Spread of high speed internet= easier to work from home. Post Covid.
-Semi-rural lifestyle
Give 2+ and - of suburbanisation
+More employment opportunties. But, repatriation of wages spent on out of town businesses
+Upgraded transport networks such as rail or road.
-Greater pressure on greenbelt land= less for agriculture.
-Congestion/pollution from the commuters who work in cities. Rush hour.
-Loss of affluence from inner city
-Some suburbs used to relocate poorer inner city residents away from redevelopment projects. Social cleansing and ghettos. More poverty.
-City brain drain?
What is counter-urbanisation?
Migration of people from urban areas beyond the city limit to rural settlements. New large housing estates and some buildings replace farmhouses
Causes of counter urbanisation:
-When was there economic decline in cities?
-What was the New Towns Act 1940s?
-What was green belt policy?
-Decline in 70s/80s due to deindustrialisation of major industries. Lots of crime, unemployment and pollution.
-1940s: Gov policies encouraged counter around London with transport links and tried to persuade by highlighting green spaces.
-Green belt policies restricted growth pf cities to protect environment. Developers therefore had to look beyond city limits. Commuter settlements e.g. Formby.
Give 4 consequences of counter-urbanisation on TOWNs
-Greater house prices due to a rise in demand. Newcomers can often outbid lovals as they are more affluent. Pressure on green belt.
-Rural turnaround: Young people move to the cities for jobs and education while elderly/families/rich move to towns. But, **maybe more ethnic diversity. **
-Tensions between locals and newcomers. Newcomers might spend in cities leading to closure of out of town businesses. But, will local businesses be supported by gov?
-Loss of village character as smaller villages become large housing estates.
Counter-urbanisation: New town Runcorn formed when? Why?
1960s. Helped overcrowding of Liverpool.
What is urban resurgence? When in the UK? Explain what dead heart syndrome is. Why is it bad?
-Economic or structural regeneration of an inner city area whic has suffered a period of decline. In the 1990s. Usually, encouraged by the government.
-Government feared dead heart syndrome where the inner city and CBD would become run-down and not function like it is supposed to and the outskirts would become more productive economically. Bad for tax revenue, congestion, crime and loss of culture.
Leads to reurbanisation
Give 3 ways urban resurgence was encouraged. Give 2 push factors from the rural areas and 2 pull factors back to the urban areas.
Encouraged by:
-New jobs in retail outlets/malls (Liverpool)
-Regeneration of derelict buildings and gentrification.
Push from rural:
-Slower services such as broadband.
-Greater house prices due to counter or sub
Pull to cities:
-Young people for work, entertainment an education. ‘24hr city.’
-Derelict buildings regenerated to look attractive. Liverpool offered £1 houses in Wavertree. Though, the conditions were awful and would’ve required lots of investment to meet gov target. Good sense of community.
Give 2 pros and cons to the city of urban resurgence
+Tourism might increase which can lead to a localised multiplier effect. +More people and thus more shops and businesses to reduce previous unemployment.
-Original residents still have low incomes.
-Tensions
Give 3 features of Liverpool’s regeneration and subsequent resurgence
-Liverpool One: Over 1.4 million square ft of retail space. Variety of shops. Privately funded.
-Liverpool Two: Deep water port and cruise terminal on derelict dockland for trade.
-£1 billion Anfield project for housing development.
Define megacity. Where are there no/few megacities? What is projected to be the largest by 2100?
Mega = Greater than 10 million residents.
-None in Oceania. Mostly in SE Asia, India, Africa and a few in Europe.
-Lagos. >70 million residents.
Dhaka: One of world’s largest megacities:
Where? 2 opportunities and challenges?
-Bangladesh.
Cotton and silk trade. Large textile industry with potential to grow in future due to sustainability. Vegetables. Growing demand for organic farming. Agribusiness
Corrupt government and difficult access to clean water in slum/sqautter
