Urbanisation Flashcards
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres
Urban Growth
The increase in the total population of a town or city
Urban Expansion
The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
Rural to Urban Migration
People moving to the cities from rural areas because of pull and push factors
Natural Increase
The younger generation (15-40) moving to cities and having children- increasing the population
R-to-U Push Factors
Population growth- over farming- reduced yields due to poor soil quality
Disease
Natural disasters
War
R-to-U Pull Factors
Unskilled labour in high demand and better paid than rural areas
Money from informal sector
Perceived better quality of life
Better quality social provisions (education, healthcare, entertainment)
Impacts of Urbanisation
Urban Sprawl Housing Shortages Transport Issues Un and Under Employment Lack of Services
Suburbanisation
Movement of people out of the city centre and into the suburbs
Push Factors for Suburbanisation
Poor quality inner city housing
Deindustrialisation
Lack of aspiration
Pull Factors for Suburbanisation
Relaxed planning laws Easy to get mortgages in 1930's-1950's Transport Businesses move to suburbs Technology
Impacts of Suburbanisation on Suburbs
Increased pollution Increased infrastructure Change in house prices Utilisation of green and brown field sites Improved quality of living
Impacts of Suburbanisation on City Centre
Dereliction
Economic and ethnic segregation
Increased pollution
Counter Urbanisation
Movement of people out of the city into villages and rural areas
Push factors for counter urbanisation
Pollution
Congestion and parking issues
Suburban areas are becoming more popular- increased house prices
Pull factors for counter urbanisation
Larger houses
Improved quality of life
Increased car ownership and public transport
Technology
Why have agricultural difficulties contributed to counter urbanisation?
Farmers are selling land to earn a living
Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Rural Areas
Change in population structure
Change in property prices
Local services impacted
New building
Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Urban Areas
Reduced housing pressure
Reduced congestion
Loss of wealthy residents
Dereliction
Urban Resurgence
Economic and structural regeneration of an urban area that’s suffered a period of decline
(common in post-industrial countries)
Push factors for Urban Resurgence
Lack of rural services
Poor infrastructure
Lack of opportunity
Pull factors for Urban Resurgence
More services
Modern and redeveloped areas
More jobs
More to do
Impacts of Urban Resurgence
New shops and services
Increase in house prices
Cause of Deindustrialisation
Foreign countries with cheaper labour costs causing manufacturing to move abroad
Impacts of Deindustrialisation
Outmigration Change in population structure Communities destroyed Job loss (male dominated) Demultiplier effect Reduced investment Less noise and air pollution Dereliction
Cause of Decentralisation
Lower land prices in suburbs so businesses move
Creation of out of town retail parks
Impacts of Decentralisation
Increased migration around out of town retail Pressure on services Increased jobs in suburbs Habitat and agricultural land destroyed Poverty in inner city Inner city dereliction
Cause of Tertiarisation
Services industries grew in 1980’s and now dominate many western nations
Response to deindustrialisation
Impacts of Decentralisation
Increased urban populations around financial and service hubs
Increased jobs
Inner city areas decline
Purpose of Urban Development Corporations
Many UK cities were in catastrophic decline
Projects used private sector funding to restore derelict areas
When were Urban Development Corporations used?
1979-1990’s
Main advantage and disadvantage of Urban Development Corporations
Helped restore most run down areas
Ignored the needs of local residents
Purpose of City Challenge
Local authorities competed for government funding to help deprived areas
When was City Challenge used?
1991-1997
Main advantage and disadvantage of City Challenge?
Made local community and private companies work together
Many deprived areas didn’t receive any funding
Purpose of Area-Based Initiatives
Implemented by labour government
Expanded on previous schemes
Focus on sustainability within communities
Aimed to narrow gap between the most deprived and the rest of the country
When were Area-Based Initiatives used?
1997-2000’s
What targets were local authorities set with Area Based Initiatives?
Improve health
Improve education
Improve employment
Why is community involvement in redevelopment vital?
Meet their needs
Sustainable
Spirit
Jobs
