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Geography- Urban Environments > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres

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2
Q

Urban Growth

A

The increase in the total population of a town or city

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3
Q

Urban Expansion

A

The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city

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4
Q

Rural to Urban Migration

A

People moving to the cities from rural areas because of pull and push factors

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5
Q

Natural Increase

A

The younger generation (15-40) moving to cities and having children- increasing the population

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6
Q

R-to-U Push Factors

A

Population growth- over farming- reduced yields due to poor soil quality
Disease
Natural disasters
War

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7
Q

R-to-U Pull Factors

A

Unskilled labour in high demand and better paid than rural areas
Money from informal sector
Perceived better quality of life
Better quality social provisions (education, healthcare, entertainment)

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8
Q

Impacts of Urbanisation

A 
Urban Sprawl
Housing Shortages 
Transport Issues
Un and Under Employment 
Lack of Services
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9
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people out of the city centre and into the suburbs

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10
Q

Push Factors for Suburbanisation

A

Poor quality inner city housing
Deindustrialisation
Lack of aspiration

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11
Q

Pull Factors for Suburbanisation

A 
Relaxed planning laws
Easy to get mortgages in 1930's-1950's
Transport
Businesses move to suburbs 
Technology
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12
Q

Impacts of Suburbanisation on Suburbs

A 
Increased pollution
Increased infrastructure 
Change in house prices
Utilisation of green and brown field sites
Improved quality of living
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13
Q

Impacts of Suburbanisation on City Centre

A

Dereliction
Economic and ethnic segregation
Increased pollution

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14
Q

Counter Urbanisation

A

Movement of people out of the city into villages and rural areas

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15
Q

Push factors for counter urbanisation

A

Pollution
Congestion and parking issues
Suburban areas are becoming more popular- increased house prices

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16
Q

Pull factors for counter urbanisation

A

Larger houses
Improved quality of life
Increased car ownership and public transport
Technology

17
Q

Why have agricultural difficulties contributed to counter urbanisation?

A

Farmers are selling land to earn a living

18
Q

Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Rural Areas

A

Change in population structure
Change in property prices
Local services impacted
New building

19
Q

Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Urban Areas

A

Reduced housing pressure
Reduced congestion
Loss of wealthy residents
Dereliction

20
Q

Urban Resurgence

A

Economic and structural regeneration of an urban area that’s suffered a period of decline
(common in post-industrial countries)

21
Q

Push factors for Urban Resurgence

A

Lack of rural services
Poor infrastructure
Lack of opportunity

22
Q

Pull factors for Urban Resurgence

A

More services
Modern and redeveloped areas
More jobs
More to do

23
Q

Impacts of Urban Resurgence

A

New shops and services

Increase in house prices

24
Q

Cause of Deindustrialisation

A

Foreign countries with cheaper labour costs causing manufacturing to move abroad

25
Q

Impacts of Deindustrialisation

A 
Outmigration
Change in population structure
Communities destroyed
Job loss (male dominated)
Demultiplier effect
Reduced investment 
Less noise and air pollution
Dereliction
26
Q

Cause of Decentralisation

A

Lower land prices in suburbs so businesses move

Creation of out of town retail parks

27
Q

Impacts of Decentralisation

A 
Increased migration around out of town retail
Pressure on services
Increased jobs in suburbs 
Habitat and agricultural land destroyed 
Poverty in inner city
Inner city dereliction
28
Q

Cause of Tertiarisation

A

Services industries grew in 1980’s and now dominate many western nations
Response to deindustrialisation

29
Q

Impacts of Decentralisation

A

Increased urban populations around financial and service hubs
Increased jobs
Inner city areas decline

30
Q

Purpose of Urban Development Corporations

A

Many UK cities were in catastrophic decline

Projects used private sector funding to restore derelict areas

31
Q

When were Urban Development Corporations used?

A

1979-1990’s

32
Q

Main advantage and disadvantage of Urban Development Corporations

A

Helped restore most run down areas

Ignored the needs of local residents

33
Q

Purpose of City Challenge

A

Local authorities competed for government funding to help deprived areas

34
Q

When was City Challenge used?

A

1991-1997

35
Q

Main advantage and disadvantage of City Challenge?

A

Made local community and private companies work together

Many deprived areas didn’t receive any funding

36
Q

Purpose of Area-Based Initiatives

A

Implemented by labour government
Expanded on previous schemes
Focus on sustainability within communities
Aimed to narrow gap between the most deprived and the rest of the country

37
Q

When were Area-Based Initiatives used?

A

1997-2000’s

38
Q

What targets were local authorities set with Area Based Initiatives?

A

Improve health
Improve education
Improve employment

39
Q

Why is community involvement in redevelopment vital?

A

Meet their needs
Sustainable
Spirit
Jobs

Geography- Urban Environments (12 decks)

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