Urbanisation

Question 1

Formal Employment

Answer 1

Answer Officially recognised and workers are protected by laws of the country. Rules on how many hours people can work, age of workers and their health and safety Workers pay tax to the government

Question 2

Informal Employment

Answer 2

Unofficial, jobs are not taxed or regulated by government Often long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay

Question 3

Primary Sector

Answer 3

Involves collecting raw materials Farming, fishing, mining and forestry

Question 4

Secondary Sector

Answer 4

involved turning a product into another product (manufacturing) Making textiles, furniture, chemicals, steel and cars

Question 5

Tertiary Sector

Answer 5

involves providing a service Financial services, nursing, retail, police, transport

Question 6

Quaternary Sector

Answer 6

Information sector Research and development where scientists and researchers investigate develop new products Electronics and IT, consulting

Question 7

Employment in delvoped countries

Answer 7

Most work in formal sector Few workers in informal sector

Question 8

Economic Sectors in developing Countries

Answer 8

Lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sector jobs market stall Few work in secondary sector as not enough money to invest in technology needed small percentage of people in high skilled tertiary jobs government offices

Question 9

Economic Sectors in emerging countries

Answer 9

Employment in secondary sector is high, established industrial zones and good infrastructure Lots of low skilled tertiary jobs retail or tourism More high skilled tertiary jobs as more money to spend on services

Question 10

Economic Sectors in developed Countries

Answer 10

Fewer work in secondary sector than emerging countries Most in tertiary sector because of a skilled and educated workforce high demand for banks and shops Some employment in quaternary sector as lots of high skilled labour

Question 11

Working Conditions in developing Countries

Answer 11

Conditions poor Pay low and hours long

Conditions can be dangerous

Question 12

Working Conditions in emerging Countries

Answer 12

Conditions are improved from developing Workers rights increase

Question 13

Working Conditions in developed Countries

Answer 13

Conditions are good

Pay is high

Question 14

Employment in Emerging countries

Answer 14

Number of workers in informal sector is decreasing as country develops

Question 15

Employment in developing countries

Answer 15

Most workers in informal sector

Question 16

What is urbanisation?

Answer 16

Is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

Question 17

How many megacities are there?

Answer 17

28

Question 18

What is a primate city?

Answer 18

When one city dominates the country it is in. These primate cities have much larger population than other cities in the country.
They influence investment, migration and transport and political influences

Question 19

What is national migration?

Answer 19

When people move to a city in the same country

Question 20

What is international migration?

Answer 20

When people move from one country to a city in another country

Question 21

Cities in developing countries are growing because..

Answer 21

Some cities attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding.
Some cities have good transport links so trade is focused here.

Question 22

Some cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations

Answer 22

Some cities have become industrial centres - there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have a rapidly expanding service countries. People move to the cities to work in the new industries and in services supporting them. As countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects eg sports stadiums for international events, to attract foreign direct investment. Creating more jobs

Question 23

Cities go through different stages as they develop. What are the 5 stages?

Answer 23

Urbanisation
Suburbanisation - movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges
De-industrialisation
Counter urbanisation - movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements
Regeneration - have been regenerated to reverse the decline of urban areas because of suburbanisation, de-industrialisation

Question 24

Land in cities can be used for different purpses

Answer 24

Commercial - eg officie buildings, shopping centres and hotels
Industrial - eg factories, warehouses
Residential - eg houses, flats and apartments

Question 25

Name the zones of a model city

Answer 25

CBD
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural Urban Fringe

Question 26

What is land use influenced by?

Answer 26

Accessibility
Planning regulations
Availability
Cost

Question 27

Why would people want to move to Lagos?

Answer 27

Better access to employment than in rural nigeria and surrounding countries, incomes are 4 times higher in Lagos, better health care and hospitals, better education

Question 28

What challenges does Lagos face?

Answer 28

Squatter settlements - over 60% of population live in slums. Only electricity comes from illegal connection that cut out. High levels of crime

Traffic congestion - worst traffic congestion in the world, due to the fact little investment in transport infrastructure, despite country growing rapidly. Public transport is limited

Limited service provision - not enough healthcare facilities and many people can’t afford to pay for treatment. Not enough schools for the population

Poor employment conditions - not enough formal jobs for growing populations, about 60% of population work in informal jobs. Lots of people live on less than $1.25 a day

Waste disposal - don’t have proper sewers, causing heath problems and about only 40% of rubbish is collected. 9000 tonnes per day.

Water supply - only 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply. Pipes are old and rusty - the water often gets contaminated with sewage

Question 29

What are the big inequalities in Lagos?

Answer 29

Rich and poor sides to Lagos.
Rich can afford better housing, can afford to live closer to work, so dont have to face traffic jams every day. Have their own powerful generators

Poor can’t afford high quality housing - end up living in slums, electricity is not available to them, meaning they are reliant on polluting cooking stoves or small petrol generators which cause polluting, reducing quality of life.

Question 30

What does sustainability mean?

Answer 30

Improving things for people today without negatively affecting future generations.

Question 31

How is the government trying to make Lagos more sustainable

Answer 31

Improving air quality - small electricity generators produce a lot of polluting, they have banned this and instead encouraged communities to get together to run one larger generator which will produce less emissions

Reducing Traffic congestion - two light rail lines are under work to relieve road congestion. The trains will be emission free to limit air pollution, reduces time to travel

Improving waste disposal - making sure collections vans get to each area of the city. Recycling banks are being put in every state

Improving water supply - government begun work on a US$2.5 billion plan which includes new water treatment plants. In the meantime water kiosks are being introduced, where you can buy water at a lower price from the informal water sellers, until they are connected.

Question 32

Communities and NGOs are also trying to improve Lagos’s sustainability but how?

Answer 32

Improving health - opening community health centres. Also run education projects in local communities, to make people more aware of health issuse

Improving education - reducing the number of primary children out of school and also working to improve teachers’ skills through training programmes

Improving city housing - NGO offers small loans to poor communities at affordable rates, so that people can afford to get a mortgage on a house.