Urbanisation Flashcards
Formal Employment
Answer Officially recognised and workers are protected by laws of the country. Rules on how many hours people can work, age of workers and their health and safety Workers pay tax to the government
Informal Employment
Unofficial, jobs are not taxed or regulated by government Often long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay
Primary Sector
Involves collecting raw materials Farming, fishing, mining and forestry
Secondary Sector
involved turning a product into another product (manufacturing) Making textiles, furniture, chemicals, steel and cars
Tertiary Sector
involves providing a service Financial services, nursing, retail, police, transport
Quaternary Sector
Information sector Research and development where scientists and researchers investigate develop new products Electronics and IT, consulting
Employment in delvoped countries
Most work in formal sector Few workers in informal sector
Economic Sectors in developing Countries
Lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sector jobs market stall Few work in secondary sector as not enough money to invest in technology needed small percentage of people in high skilled tertiary jobs government offices
Economic Sectors in emerging countries
Employment in secondary sector is high, established industrial zones and good infrastructure Lots of low skilled tertiary jobs retail or tourism More high skilled tertiary jobs as more money to spend on services
Economic Sectors in developed Countries
Fewer work in secondary sector than emerging countries Most in tertiary sector because of a skilled and educated workforce high demand for banks and shops Some employment in quaternary sector as lots of high skilled labour
Working Conditions in developing Countries
Conditions poor Pay low and hours long
Conditions can be dangerous
Working Conditions in emerging Countries
Conditions are improved from developing Workers rights increase
Working Conditions in developed Countries
Conditions are good
Pay is high
Employment in Emerging countries
Number of workers in informal sector is decreasing as country develops
Employment in developing countries
Most workers in informal sector
What is urbanisation?
Is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
How many megacities are there?
28
What is a primate city?
When one city dominates the country it is in. These primate cities have much larger population than other cities in the country.
They influence investment, migration and transport and political influences
What is national migration?
When people move to a city in the same country
What is international migration?
When people move from one country to a city in another country
Cities in developing countries are growing because..
Some cities attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding.
Some cities have good transport links so trade is focused here.
Some cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations
Some cities have become industrial centres - there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have a rapidly expanding service countries. People move to the cities to work in the new industries and in services supporting them. As countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects eg sports stadiums for international events, to attract foreign direct investment. Creating more jobs
Cities go through different stages as they develop. What are the 5 stages?
Urbanisation
Suburbanisation - movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges
De-industrialisation
Counter urbanisation - movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements
Regeneration - have been regenerated to reverse the decline of urban areas because of suburbanisation, de-industrialisation
Land in cities can be used for different purpses
Commercial - eg officie buildings, shopping centres and hotels
Industrial - eg factories, warehouses
Residential - eg houses, flats and apartments
Name the zones of a model city
CBD
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural Urban Fringe
What is land use influenced by?
Accessibility
Planning regulations
Availability
Cost
Why would people want to move to Lagos?
Better access to employment than in rural nigeria and surrounding countries, incomes are 4 times higher in Lagos, better health care and hospitals, better education
What challenges does Lagos face?
Squatter settlements - over 60% of population live in slums. Only electricity comes from illegal connection that cut out. High levels of crime
Traffic congestion - worst traffic congestion in the world, due to the fact little investment in transport infrastructure, despite country growing rapidly. Public transport is limited
Limited service provision - not enough healthcare facilities and many people can’t afford to pay for treatment. Not enough schools for the population
Poor employment conditions - not enough formal jobs for growing populations, about 60% of population work in informal jobs. Lots of people live on less than $1.25 a day
Waste disposal - don’t have proper sewers, causing heath problems and about only 40% of rubbish is collected. 9000 tonnes per day.
Water supply - only 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply. Pipes are old and rusty - the water often gets contaminated with sewage
What are the big inequalities in Lagos?
Rich and poor sides to Lagos.
Rich can afford better housing, can afford to live closer to work, so dont have to face traffic jams every day. Have their own powerful generators
Poor can’t afford high quality housing - end up living in slums, electricity is not available to them, meaning they are reliant on polluting cooking stoves or small petrol generators which cause polluting, reducing quality of life.
What does sustainability mean?
Improving things for people today without negatively affecting future generations.
How is the government trying to make Lagos more sustainable
Improving air quality - small electricity generators produce a lot of polluting, they have banned this and instead encouraged communities to get together to run one larger generator which will produce less emissions
Reducing Traffic congestion - two light rail lines are under work to relieve road congestion. The trains will be emission free to limit air pollution, reduces time to travel
Improving waste disposal - making sure collections vans get to each area of the city. Recycling banks are being put in every state
Improving water supply - government begun work on a US$2.5 billion plan which includes new water treatment plants. In the meantime water kiosks are being introduced, where you can buy water at a lower price from the informal water sellers, until they are connected.
Communities and NGOs are also trying to improve Lagos’s sustainability but how?
Improving health - opening community health centres. Also run education projects in local communities, to make people more aware of health issuse
Improving education - reducing the number of primary children out of school and also working to improve teachers’ skills through training programmes
Improving city housing - NGO offers small loans to poor communities at affordable rates, so that people can afford to get a mortgage on a house.
