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Geography GCSE > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

There are three aspects to development, what are they?

A

Economic
Social
Political

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2
Q

What is the definition of Growth Domestic Product?

A

The total value of goods and service a country produces in a year.

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3
Q

What is the definition of GDP per capita?

A

The GDP divided by the population of a country

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4
Q

What is the definition of Growth National Income and GNI per capita?

A

Total values of goods and services produced by a country including income from overseas.
GNI per capita is GNI divided by the population of the country

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5
Q

What is the definition of birth rate?

A

Number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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6
Q

What is the definition of death rate?

A

Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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7
Q

What is the definition of Fertility rate?

A

Average number of births per women

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8
Q

What is the definition of infant mortality rate?

A

Number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born

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9
Q

What is the definition of Maternal Mortality rate?

A

Number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births.

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10
Q

What is the definition of Gini coefficient

A

A measure of economic inequality. Countries given a score between 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality)

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11
Q

What is the definition of Gender inequality index

A

Number that is calculated using data, eg.. womens education, access to jobs, political rights etc. Higher score, more inequality

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12
Q

What is the definition of Human Development Index?

A

Number thats calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

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13
Q

What is the definition of Corruption Perceptions index?

A

Measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale 1-100. Lower score = more corruption

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14
Q

Name the factors that affect how developed a country is?

A 
Climate
Education
Health
Colonialism 
Neo-colonialism 
Topography 
Economic and political
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15
Q

How does climate affect development of a country?

A

poor climate, means not much growth in crops. Reduces amount of food production, leads to malnutrition. Leads to low quality of life

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16
Q

How does topography affect development of a country?

A

Same effect as climat. If land is steep wont produce a lot of food. Makes it difficult to develop infrastructures. Makes it hard to provide basic services

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17
Q

How does education affect development of a country?

A

Educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services. This can bring money into the country through trade or investment. Educated people earn more, so they pay more taxes. Provides money that country can spend on devlopment

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18
Q

How does health affect development of a country?

A

Lack of clean water and poor health care mean many people suffer from diseases such as cholera and malaria.
People who are ill cannot work, so they’re not contributing to the economy.

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19
Q

How does colonialism affect development of a country?

A

Countries that were colonised (ruled by foreign countries) are often at lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised

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20
Q

How does neo-colonialism affect development of a country?

A

Colonies gain independence, richer countries continue to control them indirectly.

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21
Q

How does economic and political affect development of a country?

A

Corrupt governments can hinder development e.g by taking money thats intended for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people.

22
Q

How is education affected by global inequality?

A

Poorer countries cannot afford to invest as much as in education as richer countries.
Lack of education means people cannot get better paid jobs, skilled jobs in the future. So the cycle of poverty continues

23
Q

How is health affected by global inequality?

A

People in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancy.

24
Q

How is politics affected by global inequality?

A

Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and discontent im poorer countries.
Meaning civil wars more likely in developing countries

25
Q

How does global inequality cause environmental problems?

A

Economic development - leads to more consumption of food, water. Puts pressure on scarce resources and can threaten ecosystem e.g more land is built on
Industrialisation - leads to increased air,water,land pollution. Release of greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change

26
Q

Rostow’s theory shows five stages of economic development, explain the five stages.

A

Stage 1 - Traditional society (farming, fishing and forestry)
Stage 2 - Preconditions for take off (infrastructure built, international trade begins)
Stage 3 - Take off (rapid growth, increasing wealth)
Stage 4 - Drive to maturity (economy grows so people get richer)
Stage 5 - Mass consumption (lots of trade, people are wealthy)

27
Q

Summarise the franks dependency model?

A

It says poor countries rely on rich countries. For example, poor countries are encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products cheaply to richer countries. Meaning they need to import manufactured goods at higher costs from richer countries to provide for their own population. Trapping them in a poverty cycle and makes them dependent on the economy of the core countries.

28
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of countries becoming more intergrated

29
Q

What is increasing globalisation?

A 
Transitional Corporations (TNCs) - companies that produce and sell products to more than one country
Governments - investment/free trade
30
Q

Globalisation benefits some countries more than others. Give examples

A

Because the governments are open to foreign investment.
They have available land
Reasonable infrastructure
Lots of cheap raw materials

31
Q

Describe the top down and bottom up approach for type of strategy.

A

Top down - government or large organisation makes decisions

Bottom up - local people and communities decide

32
Q

Describe the top down and bottom up approach for scale and aims.

A

Top down - often large projects, improve the lives of lots of people
Bottom up - small scale, improve the lives of poor and vulnerable

33
Q

Describe the top down and bottom up approach for funding.

A

Top down - very expensive. Sometimes funded by TNCs.

Bottom up - much cheaper. Money comes from charities

34
Q

Describe the top down and bottom up approach for technology

A

Top down - projects are often high tech and energy intensive
Bottom up - projects involve intermediate tech

35
Q

What is a NGO?

A

Non - governmental organisation. Independent organisation. Often charities British Red Cross or Oxfam

36
Q

What is the advantages and disadvantages of NGO ?

A

Advantages - address the needs of local people to where the project is happening. Locally available, cheap materials used.

Disadvantages - projects are often small scale, so they may not benefit everyone

37
Q

What is an IGO?

A

Inter-governmental organisations eg the world bank, united nations. Made up of the governments of several countries.

38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IGO?

A

Advantages - they can afford large infrastructure projects. Improves countries economy. Help improve quality of life.

Disadvantages - projects often expensive, countries may have to pay back the money, if its a loan. This can lead to a debt. May not benefit everyone.

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs?

A

Advantages - provide employment for local people. Run programmes to help development. Invest in infrastructure, improving roads, basic service

Disadvantages - some profits leave the host country

40
Q

What has increased development in a named case study?

A

India - globalisation and Government policies have increased developments

41
Q

How has Globalisation increased development in India

A

India has 12 major ports and more than 20 international airports. Extensive railway. This makes it easier to transport good, so trade can increase, and TNCs are more likely to invest

42
Q

How has Government Policies increased development?

A

In 2009 India made primary education free and compulsory - 96% of children now enrol for school. Having a more educated workforce helps to fuel development

43
Q

Give one example of the cultural importance of the country (India)?

A

Has a rich and diverse cultural background. Its renowned for its production of Bollywood films, which are exported worldwide

44
Q

How has development in India changed the countries population structures?

A

Birth rates in India are high. Death and infant mortality rates have fallen, due to better health care and education - leading to rapidly increase Indias population
Fertility rate has fallen, mainly due to growing wealth and better education

45
Q

Pros of economic development for different groups of people

A

1) All age groups have better health: elderly people are living longer. There is a lower infant mortality rate. There is a lower maternal mortality rate
2) some age groups have better education: higher education gives young graduates better jobs
3) They can be better gender equality: women have better access to family planning

46
Q

Cons of economic development for different groups of people

A

1) Rapid industrialisation means young working men may have to do dangerous jobs.
2) As young people move to urban areas to find work, there are fewer workers in rural villages. This means: children in rural areas may get a poor education due to a lack of skilled teachers
3) There is still a lot of gender inequality: it is unsafe for women in many urban areas.

47
Q

How has industrialisation impact on the environment?

A

Leads to higher energy consumption, meaning increased demands of fossil fuels in industry, homes and vehicles mean more greenhouse gases released

48
Q

Indias global influence is increasing. How?

A

India is a member of several international organisations -
United Nations
World trade organisation
G20

49
Q

India and the USA

India and the EU

A

India and USA - increase trade

India and EU - Support health and education programmes in India to promote continued development

50
Q

Diadvantages to Foreign influences on India

A

Increasing tension between India and China - both have rapidly growing economies. Developing nations are also concerned about losing economic power as India grows.

51
Q

Advantages to Foreign influence ps on India?

A

Improved relations mean India can cooperate with other countries on global issues

Geography GCSE (9 decks)

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