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Geography Paper 2 > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation:

A

The growth in the proportion of a country living in urban areas.

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2
Q

Define urban sprawl:

A

When the countryside surrounding an urban area starts becoming engulfed by its expansion.

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3
Q

Define suburbanisation:

A

The decentralisation of people living in the inner city to the surrounding areas of the city and rural urban fringe.

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4
Q

Define counter-urbanisation:

A

When people move from large urban areas to smaller urban areas or to rural locations.

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5
Q

Define urban resurgence:

A

The movement of people back into the city centre when an urban area in decline becomes redeveloped and regenerated.

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6
Q

What 4 pull factors cause rural to urban migration occur?

A
  • Employment opportunities (especially in service and low-skilled labour industries)
  • Better access to facilities
  • More reliable resources (e.g. food, water, energy)
  • Better infrastructure and transport (better quality of life)
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7
Q

How does natural population growth lead to urbanisation?

A
  • High birth rates cause a youthful population
  • Yong people are more likely to live in urban areas due to more employment opportunities
  • Causes an increase in urban population
  • Causes an increase in demand for urban settlements = urbanisation
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8
Q

Give 3 issues with urban sprawl:

A
  • Increases water/air pollution
  • Loss of green spaces
  • Increased traffic = congestion
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9
Q

What 2 factors cause suburbanisation?

A
  • Demand for bigger houses
  • Quieter and safer area.
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10
Q

What are the 2 effects of suburbanisation?

A
  • Transport to surrounding areas (e.g. commuting) causes traffic congestion
  • Some suburban areas become so developed they become urban areas
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11
Q

What are the 2 causes counter-urbanisation?

A
  • People move for better quality of life (e.g. cleaner air, no traffic congestion)
  • In HICs/NEEs, some rural locations have high levels of development (e.g. good infrastructure, transport)
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12
Q

Define deindustrialisation:

A

When industry declines in an area.

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13
Q

How an deindustrialisation cause urban areas to experience urban resurgence?

A
  • Deindustrialisation causes industrial buildings to become derelict
  • Developers may implement plans to regenerate the area through redevelopment
  • Regeneration causes economic growth and attracts new people to the area = urban resurgence
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14
Q

Define urban policy:

A

A measure taken by local governments to develop urban areas through political or legal frameworks.

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15
Q

What are the 5 main features of a world city?

A
  • Stong global connection/headquarters
  • Economic hub
  • Densely populated
  • Base for TNCs
  • Large scale infrastructure
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16
Q

Define a megacity:

A

A city with more than 10 million people inhabiting it

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17
Q

Give 3 examples of megacities:

A

London
LA
Tokyo

18
Q

Why might urban population data not be an accurate measurement:

A
  • Different sources define ‘urban area’ differently
  • Undocumented people are not included in census/populated data so are under-represented
19
Q

Give three ways how megacities benefit people:

A
  • Provide core facilities (e.g. education, healthcare)
  • Wide range of social opportunities
  • Many job opportunities
20
Q

Give two ways how megacities benefit the economy:

A
  • Produce greater GDP than other cities
  • Economic/financial hubs = cause technological innovation
21
Q

Give one way how megacities benefit the environment:

A
  • Encourages the use of public transport = reduces emissions
22
Q

Give two ways how megacities disadvantage people:

A
  • More competition for jobs
  • Social segregation can occur (especially from different cultures or economic backgrounds)
23
Q

Give one way how megacities disadvantage the economy:

A
  • Strains on facilities if under-developed
24
Q

Give three ways how megacities disadvantage the environment:

A
  • Increased air water pollution
  • Increased traffic congestion
  • Increasing public transport will also increase emissions/traffic congestion
25
Q

What 4 push factors cause rural to urban migration to occur?

A
  • Lack of job opportunities/ high unemployment rates
  • Lack of access to facilities(e.g. schools, healthcare)
  • Unstable resources (e.g. food, water, energy)
  • Safety issues (e.g. natural disasters, war)
26
Q

How can suburbanisation cause social segregation?

A
  • Complex pattern of wealthy and poorer areas develop.
  • Wealthier middle-class people move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life.
  • Those left behind are poorer and may include foreign immigrants.
27
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city that has political and financial influence over the world.

28
Q

Give four characteristics of world cities:

A
  • Dominate international trade and regional economies.
  • Home to world-renowned universities
  • Celebrate culture
  • Attract a high number of international visitors e.g. migrants, students, tourists.
29
Q

In developed countries, what is the primary method of food production?

A

Commercial farming.

30
Q

Why do cities tend to have higher living standards than rural areas?

A

Better access to healthcare and education

31
Q

What is political reform?

A

Focuses on issues that affect urban life e.g. quality of houses, poor sanitation, working conditions.

32
Q

Why do cities tend to have a younger population than rural areas?

A

Many young people are attracted to move to urban areas e.g. through job opportunities and entertainment, where they start a family.

33
Q

Explain the deindustralisation of Europe and North America in the 1960s.

A
  • Developing nations e.g. Singapore and Taiwan became industrialised.
  • They were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than Europe or North America.
  • By the 1970s, the developed world was struggling to compete
  • Industries collapsed, causing unemployment and poverty in Europe and NA
34
Q

Explain the rise of the service economy in the 1980’s.

A
  • Many service industries e.g. retail, banking began to expand and dominate western cultures
  • These industries have been responsible for the majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisation
35
Q

Explain the current issue of decentralisation:

A
  • As land prices in city centres increase, businesses and shops relocate to the suburbs
  • Decentralisation has causes shops and offices to close, causing derelict buildings, unemployment and urban poverty.
36
Q

Name the 4 schemes created to improve UK cities since 1979:

A
  • Urban development corporations
  • Enterprise zones
  • City challenge
  • Partnership schemes.
37
Q

Explain the urban development corporation scheme to develop UK cities since 1979:

A
  • Government created UDCs which used private sector funding to restore derelict areas.
  • ## London Docklands was produced to attract new businesses, improve the local environment, create jobs and build new houses.
38
Q

Explain the enterprise zone scheme of 1981:

A
  • EZs were established in areas of high unemployment - tax was reduced.
  • Aimed to attract start-up companies to the area to create jobs.
  • Housed over 5000 companies
  • Tax reduction encouraged existing businesses to move there, limiting the number of new jobs available.
39
Q

Explain the city challenge scheme of 1991:

A
  • Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas.
  • Funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community - this was very successful.
  • However, many deprived areas did not receive any funding.
40
Q

Explain partnership schemes in 2010:

A
  • Government has worked with provide companies to provide financial support and expertise for urban regeneration.
  • Schemes aim to improve physical, economical and social conditions in deprived areas.
  • E.g. by building new homes, creating parks and reducing unemployment.
41
Q

How does economic change lead to ‘contrasting impacts on the place characteristics’

A
42
Q
A

Geography Paper 2 (24 decks)

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