Urbanisation Flashcards
Define urbanisation
an increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns/cities
Why does south america not follow the urbanisation trend?
the majority of rural to urban migration has happened but the country doesn’t have enough money to be classed as a HIC
2 reasons for rapid urban growth of urban areas in LICs
-natural increase due to young population
-push and pull factors
3 things that make Lagos nationally important
-port city
-oil industry
-50% of Nigerian enterprises cast here
3 things that make Lagos internationally important
-major international airport
-had a GDP of over $136 bn (2017)
-finacial centre because international offices (HSBC)
What was the original function of Lagos?
fishing village
Why did Lagos experience rapid population growth in the 1970s?
-became a major source of oil
Lagos opportunity : education
In urban areas <15% of women receive no education compared to 66% of women in rural area receiving no education
Lagos opportunity : transport
International airport in Lagos is the main arrival point for 80% of flights to west Africa
Lagos opportunity : electricity
2 new power stations planned to reduce the citys shortage of electricity
Lagos opportunity : Informal economy (2 points)
-90% of new jobs created here
-40% of the workforce in the informal sector
Where is Makoko?
squatter settlement in Lagos
Makoko challenge : buildings (2 points)
-25% of households living in one room
-52% lacking kitchen/bath/toilet
Challenges of Olusosun dump : health
500 people work here every day sorting through 3000 tonnes of chemically treated waste by hand
Lagos challenges : waste disposal
only 13% of waste is recycled
Lagos challenges : growing population
Lagos is predicted to reach a population of 40 mn by 2025
Lagos challenges : traffic congestion
fatal accident rate is 3x higher than the rate in european cities
Lagos challenges : water supply
only 10% of the population in Lagos have a piped water supply that has been treated and purified
Lagos challenges : water pollution
1 of the main causes of water pollution is a lack of a proper sewage system in the city
How did Mumbai improve toilets?
-1 in 40 people forced to use the street as a toilet
+slum sanitation scheme
=300 community toilet blocks
=over 100 individual toilets
=meant to benefit 1 mn people
How did mumbai improve housing? 2 ways
-‘in Mumbai 40% of people live in poor quality housing/on the streets’
1- MUMBAI RESETTlEMENT SCHEME
2. INCREMENTAL HOUSING STRATEGIES
What does the mumbai resettlement scheme involve?
-cleared slum area alonside the railway line
-rehoused people into purpose built appartment blocks
What does Incremental housing strategies involve?
-developing slums into permanent residences by making gradual improvements
+ no longer illegal squatting
+residents work with architect (pride)
How has Mumbai improved electricity?
SLUM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
- JPOBA (charity) provided 10,00 people with new/ upgraded electricity connections
+fridges/fans
-10,000 is only 1% of the population
3 ways London is nationally important?
-entertainment
-languages
-green space
-300 theatres
-300 different languages spoken here
-40% of the city is green space
3 ways London is internationally important?
-Business
-flights
-underground railway
-major time zone advantage
-more than 100,000 international flights per month
-underground railway has ore than 1.34 bn passengers annually
+ impacts of migration?
-taxes
-talent
-skills
-migrants contributed 64% more in taxes than they receive in benefits
-sporting talent (mo farah)
have bought skills worth £6.8bn
Where is shoreditch located?
A district in the east end of London, England.
2 reasons shoreditch has seen growth?
-historically rundown= cheaper rents so people began to relocate
-improvement of travel connections
=easier access= more tourists/ residents
Name 3 attractions in shoreditch
-hot tub cinema
-comedy cafe theatre
escape room
Wealth in London: product per capita is ____________
the highest in europe at 328% of the european average
Wealth in London: London has the 3rd highest ___
number of billionares in the world
Deprivation in London: 6 London boroughs ________
are in the top 10 most deprived areas in England
Deprivation in London: London rate of unemployment vs national ________________
London:8.5%
National: 7.8%
Child poverty: education
Children living on FSC achieve on average 1.7 GCSE grades lower than their better off peers
Child poverty: health
Babies from low income families are more likely to weigh less at birth and die early
Male life expectancy in Kensington/Chelsea vs Newham
Kensington/ chelsea: 83.7
Newham:75.7
Unemployment in Kensington/chelsea vs Newham
Kensington/ Chelsea : 3.9%
Newham: 9.4%
Households with joint income more than £60,000
Kensington/ Chelsea - 26%
Newham - 7%
DOCKLANDS
What was it like in the early 1900s?
Why was regenration needed?
What did the regeneration scheme involve?
-Main area where british seaborne trade ocurred
-was bombed during WWII
- low rent + more leisure
London transport opportunities
-Oyster card?
-cycle
-London commuters can travel on most transport with an oyster card
-integrated cycle network
Challenges : London transport
deaths?
diseases?
cost to economy?
primary schools?
-9,416 londoners die early every year from lung diseases
-2 x more likely to die from lung diseases
-£3.7bn
-24% of primary schools breach the legal limit for NO2
Solutions to Londons transport:
Buses-Hydrogen fuel cells + electric
- to shortly meet amilestone of cutting NO2 levels by 20% compared to 2012
-PM emissions have been reduced from 200 tonnes to 19 tonnes a year
solutions to Londons transport:
Low emission neighbourhoods
-£11m fund
-5 LEM’s set up across 8 boroughs
-strict penalties
+car free days, reserved parking fr cleanest vehicles, green taxi ranks
Solutions to Londons transport:
Increase cycling
-aim to increase amount of cycling in london to 1.5mn jorneys/day
-cycling levels have more than doubled since 2001
+bikes for hire, new cycle roads
London transport opportunities:
ultra low emission zones
-from september 2020 most vehicles will need to meet exhaustion emission standards
-otherwise will have to pay a daily charge when travelling in central London
How much of London waste goes to Landfill?
24%
What are London aiming to do about waste?
aiming for 0% waste to go to Landfill by 2030
Why is it a challenge to get some people to recycle?
In some poor areas of London people live in flats so don’t have convenient access to recycling so people get less willing
How many trees are then in London?
8.1 million
How many total species are then in London?
13,000
How many allotments are there in London?
3,000
How much do green spaces reduce temperatures by?
2-3 degrees
How many green roofs are there in London?
700 around the area of 25 football pitches
What is green infrastructure?
network of green spaces (parks, rivers, e.t.c)
give 3 obstacles that had to be overcome in the lower lea valley?
-accessible transport
-railway
-rubbish
What borough and tributary does the lower lea location link to
-Newham and a tributary of the river Thames
2 benefits of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic park
-over 100 hectares of open space
-largest new park in london for over a century
What is Here east?
Give a social opportunity?
-Media centre
-5,000 jobs
What is east village?
How many homes does it provide?
-athletes village
-2,800 homes for local people and newcomers
What is Westfield stratford city?
Give a social opportunity?
-not part of the olympic legacy but is next door
-10,000 people employed
What is the international quarter?
Give a social opportunity?
- new commercial development of high rise offices
- 25,000 people employed here
Give a social benefit of the aquatics centre and Velopark?
Open to the public and used by schools
Sustainability in East village- housing
Affordable housing: half the homes are rented at lower rates
Sustainability in East village- green roofs
residential blocks have green roofs
+encourage wildlife, slows runoff
Sustainability in East village- public services
A school for 3-18 yr olds and a large health centre provided
Sustainability in East village- shops and services
Run by small independent workers helping to keep money in the local economy
Sustainability in East village- car parking
-residents must pay extra for car places
-good walking and cycling routes to stop cars
Sustainability in East village- green open space
10 hectares of open space
How many people are full time employed in east village?
56%
negatives of housing in east village
-people forced into expensive higher class lifestyle
-more houses demolished than built
How much of the land is green space in East village?
37%
How many new homes were created?
How many jobs were moved/ lost
9000
+/- views on sports venues around London
+ healthier
- nearly cost £10bn paid for by lottery fund meaning other things like entertainment missed out
Gcse grades in Newham?
In Newham only 63% of studnets achieve 5 good gcse results
