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Geography > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

an increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns/cities

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2
Q

Why does south america not follow the urbanisation trend?

A

the majority of rural to urban migration has happened but the country doesn’t have enough money to be classed as a HIC

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3
Q

2 reasons for rapid urban growth of urban areas in LICs

A

-natural increase due to young population
-push and pull factors

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4
Q

3 things that make Lagos nationally important

A

-port city
-oil industry
-50% of Nigerian enterprises cast here

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5
Q

3 things that make Lagos internationally important

A

-major international airport
-had a GDP of over $136 bn (2017)
-finacial centre because international offices (HSBC)

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6
Q

What was the original function of Lagos?

A

fishing village

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7
Q

Why did Lagos experience rapid population growth in the 1970s?

A

-became a major source of oil

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8
Q

Lagos opportunity : education

A

In urban areas <15% of women receive no education compared to 66% of women in rural area receiving no education

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9
Q

Lagos opportunity : transport

A

International airport in Lagos is the main arrival point for 80% of flights to west Africa

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10
Q

Lagos opportunity : electricity

A

2 new power stations planned to reduce the citys shortage of electricity

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11
Q

Lagos opportunity : Informal economy (2 points)

A

-90% of new jobs created here
-40% of the workforce in the informal sector

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12
Q

Where is Makoko?

A

squatter settlement in Lagos

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13
Q

Makoko challenge : buildings (2 points)

A

-25% of households living in one room
-52% lacking kitchen/bath/toilet

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14
Q

Challenges of Olusosun dump : health

A

500 people work here every day sorting through 3000 tonnes of chemically treated waste by hand

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15
Q

Lagos challenges : waste disposal

A

only 13% of waste is recycled

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16
Q

Lagos challenges : growing population

A

Lagos is predicted to reach a population of 40 mn by 2025

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17
Q

Lagos challenges : traffic congestion

A

fatal accident rate is 3x higher than the rate in european cities

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18
Q

Lagos challenges : water supply

A

only 10% of the population in Lagos have a piped water supply that has been treated and purified

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19
Q

Lagos challenges : water pollution

A

1 of the main causes of water pollution is a lack of a proper sewage system in the city

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20
Q

How did Mumbai improve toilets?

A

-1 in 40 people forced to use the street as a toilet
+slum sanitation scheme
=300 community toilet blocks
=over 100 individual toilets
=meant to benefit 1 mn people

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21
Q

How did mumbai improve housing? 2 ways

A

-‘in Mumbai 40% of people live in poor quality housing/on the streets’
1- MUMBAI RESETTlEMENT SCHEME
2. INCREMENTAL HOUSING STRATEGIES

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22
Q

What does the mumbai resettlement scheme involve?

A

-cleared slum area alonside the railway line
-rehoused people into purpose built appartment blocks

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23
Q

What does Incremental housing strategies involve?

A

-developing slums into permanent residences by making gradual improvements
+ no longer illegal squatting
+residents work with architect (pride)

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24
Q

How has Mumbai improved electricity?

A

SLUM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
- JPOBA (charity) provided 10,00 people with new/ upgraded electricity connections
+fridges/fans
-10,000 is only 1% of the population

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25
Q

3 ways London is nationally important?
-entertainment
-languages
-green space

A

-300 theatres
-300 different languages spoken here
-40% of the city is green space

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26
Q

3 ways London is internationally important?
-Business
-flights
-underground railway

A

-major time zone advantage
-more than 100,000 international flights per month
-underground railway has ore than 1.34 bn passengers annually

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27
Q

+ impacts of migration?
-taxes
-talent
-skills

A

-migrants contributed 64% more in taxes than they receive in benefits
-sporting talent (mo farah)
have bought skills worth £6.8bn

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28
Q

Where is shoreditch located?

A

A district in the east end of London, England.

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29
Q

2 reasons shoreditch has seen growth?

A

-historically rundown= cheaper rents so people began to relocate
-improvement of travel connections
=easier access= more tourists/ residents

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30
Q

Name 3 attractions in shoreditch

A

-hot tub cinema
-comedy cafe theatre
escape room

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31
Q

Wealth in London: product per capita is ____________

A

the highest in europe at 328% of the european average

32
Q

Wealth in London: London has the 3rd highest ___

A

number of billionares in the world

33
Q

Deprivation in London: 6 London boroughs ________

A

are in the top 10 most deprived areas in England

34
Q

Deprivation in London: London rate of unemployment vs national ________________

A

London:8.5%
National: 7.8%

35
Q

Child poverty: education

A

Children living on FSC achieve on average 1.7 GCSE grades lower than their better off peers

36
Q

Child poverty: health

A

Babies from low income families are more likely to weigh less at birth and die early

37
Q

Male life expectancy in Kensington/Chelsea vs Newham

A

Kensington/ chelsea: 83.7
Newham:75.7

38
Q

Unemployment in Kensington/chelsea vs Newham

A

Kensington/ Chelsea : 3.9%
Newham: 9.4%

39
Q

Households with joint income more than £60,000

A

Kensington/ Chelsea - 26%
Newham - 7%

40
Q

DOCKLANDS
What was it like in the early 1900s?
Why was regenration needed?
What did the regeneration scheme involve?

A

-Main area where british seaborne trade ocurred
-was bombed during WWII
- low rent + more leisure

41
Q

London transport opportunities
-Oyster card?
-cycle

A

-London commuters can travel on most transport with an oyster card
-integrated cycle network

42
Q

Challenges : London transport
deaths?
diseases?
cost to economy?
primary schools?

A

-9,416 londoners die early every year from lung diseases
-2 x more likely to die from lung diseases
-£3.7bn
-24% of primary schools breach the legal limit for NO2

43
Q

Solutions to Londons transport:
Buses-Hydrogen fuel cells + electric

A
  • to shortly meet amilestone of cutting NO2 levels by 20% compared to 2012
    -PM emissions have been reduced from 200 tonnes to 19 tonnes a year
44
Q

solutions to Londons transport:
Low emission neighbourhoods

A

-£11m fund
-5 LEM’s set up across 8 boroughs
-strict penalties
+car free days, reserved parking fr cleanest vehicles, green taxi ranks

45
Q

Solutions to Londons transport:
Increase cycling

A

-aim to increase amount of cycling in london to 1.5mn jorneys/day
-cycling levels have more than doubled since 2001
+bikes for hire, new cycle roads

46
Q

London transport opportunities:
ultra low emission zones

A

-from september 2020 most vehicles will need to meet exhaustion emission standards
-otherwise will have to pay a daily charge when travelling in central London

47
Q

How much of London waste goes to Landfill?

A

24%

48
Q

What are London aiming to do about waste?

A

aiming for 0% waste to go to Landfill by 2030

49
Q

Why is it a challenge to get some people to recycle?

A

In some poor areas of London people live in flats so don’t have convenient access to recycling so people get less willing

50
Q

How many trees are then in London?

A

8.1 million

51
Q

How many total species are then in London?

A

13,000

52
Q

How many allotments are there in London?

A

3,000

53
Q

How much do green spaces reduce temperatures by?

A

2-3 degrees

54
Q

How many green roofs are there in London?

A

700 around the area of 25 football pitches

55
Q

What is green infrastructure?

A

network of green spaces (parks, rivers, e.t.c)

56
Q

give 3 obstacles that had to be overcome in the lower lea valley?

A

-accessible transport
-railway
-rubbish

57
Q

What borough and tributary does the lower lea location link to

A

-Newham and a tributary of the river Thames

58
Q

2 benefits of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic park

A

-over 100 hectares of open space
-largest new park in london for over a century

59
Q

What is Here east?
Give a social opportunity?

A

-Media centre
-5,000 jobs

60
Q

What is east village?
How many homes does it provide?

A

-athletes village
-2,800 homes for local people and newcomers

61
Q

What is Westfield stratford city?
Give a social opportunity?

A

-not part of the olympic legacy but is next door
-10,000 people employed

62
Q

What is the international quarter?
Give a social opportunity?

A
  • new commercial development of high rise offices
  • 25,000 people employed here
63
Q

Give a social benefit of the aquatics centre and Velopark?

A

Open to the public and used by schools

64
Q

Sustainability in East village- housing

A

Affordable housing: half the homes are rented at lower rates

65
Q

Sustainability in East village- green roofs

A

residential blocks have green roofs
+encourage wildlife, slows runoff

66
Q

Sustainability in East village- public services

A

A school for 3-18 yr olds and a large health centre provided

67
Q

Sustainability in East village- shops and services

A

Run by small independent workers helping to keep money in the local economy

68
Q

Sustainability in East village- car parking

A

-residents must pay extra for car places
-good walking and cycling routes to stop cars

69
Q

Sustainability in East village- green open space

A

10 hectares of open space

70
Q

How many people are full time employed in east village?

A

56%

71
Q

negatives of housing in east village

A

-people forced into expensive higher class lifestyle
-more houses demolished than built

72
Q

How much of the land is green space in East village?

A

37%

73
Q

How many new homes were created?
How many jobs were moved/ lost

A

9000

74
Q

+/- views on sports venues around London

A

+ healthier
- nearly cost £10bn paid for by lottery fund meaning other things like entertainment missed out

75
Q

Gcse grades in Newham?

A

In Newham only 63% of studnets achieve 5 good gcse results

Geography (5 decks)

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