final deck Flashcards
What is the plate tectonics theory?
-develops on continental drift hbr
How many people died in L’aquila compared to Haiti?
Is this primary or secondary?
L’aquila 308 & Haiti 316,000
How many people were injured in L’aquila compared to Haiti?
Is this primary or secondary?
L’aquila 1500 & Haiti 300,000
How many people were made homeless in L’aquila compared to Haiti?
Is this primary or secondary?
L’aquila 67,500 & Haiti 1.3 million
Give 2 secondary effects in L’aquila.
-lack of housing for residents meant house prices nad rent increased
-Aftershocks triggered earthquakes and landslides
Give 2 secondary effects in Haiti.
-By nov 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera
-Haitian tourist industry declined as tourists stopped visiting
Give 2 immediate responses in L’aquila
-Hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people
-British red cross raised £ 170,000 in support
Give 2 immediate responses in Haiti
-American red cross set a record for mobile donations raising $7 million in 24 hours
-Social networks such as twitter and facebook spread messages and pleas to send help
Give 2 long-term responses in L’aquila
-Residents didn’t have to pay taxes during 2010
-Students were exempt from university fees for 3 years
Give 2 long-term responses in Haiti
-DFID contributed £200,000 to reduce Haiti’s vulnerability to future disasters
-British government helped in setting up 16 major cholera treatment units
Give three ways to monitor to reduce teh risk of a tectonic hazard
-Ground deformation (laser beams)
-Seismomeeters
-Monitoring gas emissions
Give three protection methods to reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard
-Cross bracing: reinforcing walls using two steel beams
-Shock absorbers: absorb tremors of earthquakes
-Shear walls: concrete walls with steel bars in them to reduce rocking movement
Give two planning methods to reduce the risk of a tectonic hazard
-planning evacuation routes, gives public the option to evacuate
- drills such as in Japan
Explain sinking air in terms of global atmospheric circulation
air sinking=high pressure=winds moving outwards=30 degrees north and south of the poles
Explain rising air in terms of global atmospheric circulation
air sinking=low pressure=winds moving towards=0/60 degrees north and south
Explain the Hadley cell
-either side of the equator
-rising air=low pressure
-0 degrees=rising air-low pressure=tropical rainforests
-30 degrees=sinking air=low pressure=dessert
Explain the Ferrel cell
-30 2 60 degrees n+s
-warm air meets cold air at 60 degrees
-warm air rises above cold air=low air pressur=unstable weather conditions
Explain the Polar cell
-air sinks=high pressure
Where exactly do tropical storms for?
Between 5 degrees and 30 degrees north and south of the equator
Give three primary effects of typhoon haiyan
-6,300 people died
-90% of Tacloban city was destroyed
-40,000 homes damaged
Give three secondary effects of typhoon haiyan
-6 million people lost their source of income due tothe distruction
-looting and violence broke out in Tacloban
-Flooding and heavy rain caused landslides which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts
Give three immediate responses to typhoon haiyan
-over 1,200 evacuation centres were set up to help the homeless
-red cross supplied over 1.1 million people with water
-Canada and the USA deployed millitary aircraft to assist with search and rescue of survivors
Give three Long-term responses to typhoon haiyan
-the build back better scheme aimed to build 205,000 homes but 2 years later only 1% of this target had been met
-UNDP’s cash for work program paid people to clear debris and offered a source of income to those who’d lost their livelihoods
-new typhoon shelters were built further inland to accomodate future evacuees
Give three effects to the cockermouth floods
-pc bill parker died
-the cost of putting damage right was an average of £28,000
-over 1300 homes were flooded and contaminated with sewage
Give three immediate responses of the cockermouth floods
-The government provided £1 million to help with the clean-up and repairs and agreed to pay for road and bridge repairs in Cumbria
-Network Rail opened a temporary railway station in Workington
-The Cumbria Flood Recovery Fund was set up to help victims of the flood. It reached £1 million after just 10 days
Give three long-term responses of the cockermouth floods
-£4.4 million pound management scheme
-New flood defence walls will halt the spread of the river
-River dredged more regularly to deepen the channe
Give three human factors increasing climate change
-agriculture
-deforestation
-burning fossil fuels
Give three natural factors increasing climate change
-orbital changes
-volcanic activity
-solar output
Give 4 mitigation strategies against climate change
-alternative energy
-carbon capture
-planting trees
-international agreements
Give 3 adaptation strategies against climate change
-agriculture
-managing water supply
-reducing risk from sea level rise
Give 4 plant adaptations to the rainforest and explain them briefly
-lianas:use trees to grow=ave energy
-Drip tips:pointy tips=water qickly drips of without damagin plant
-Buttress roots:large roots with ridges creating large surface area=support large trees
-Epiphytes:recieve nutrients from air+water= grow on trees high in canopy
Give 4 animal adaptations to the rainforest and explain them briefly
-sloth:uses camoflauge + moves slowly=difficult for predators to spot
-spider monkey:long, strong limbs=help it move quickly thru rainforest
-flying frog:webbed hands + feet=allow it to glide from tree 2 tree
-toucan:long, large bill (beak) = can reach and cut fruit from branches that are 2 weak 2 support its weight
Give 4 strategies to manage rainforest sustainably
-Selective logging:mature trees selected so weak trees have space + sunlight to grow
-Education: promiting value of rainforests
-Ecotourism: conserves rainforest + offers employment
-International agreements: debt-for-nature
How many deserts in the western desert
3
Give 4 opportunities for development in the western desert
-Mineral extraction in the Western Desert: rare elements used in the manufacture of hi-tech goods such as mobile phones are mined in the Mojave Desert;
-Energy in the Western Desert:10,000 homes solar enrgy in sonoran desert
-Farming in the Western Deser:Irrigation water from Lake Mead is used in farming
-Tourism in the Western Desert: Las Vegas attracts over 31 million visitors every year
Give 3 development challlenges in the western desert
-Water supply:Population growth in major cities such as Phoenix increases pressure for water, only 55mm of rainfall cada ano
-Inaccessibility:A large proportion of roads are unsurfaced.
-Temperatures: Temperatures can exceed 49°C in the Western Desert, death vallley
Give three animals that have adapted to the western desert and explain 2 adaptations
-Camels:humps to store fat which can be broken down into water and energy when nourishment isn’t available,
-Fennec foxes:have large, bat-like ears radiate body heat and help keep them cool, have thick fur on their feet protecting them from the hot ground
-Kangaroo rats: having large back legs that allow them to jump almost 3m to avoid predators, living in burrows during the day to avoid extreme heat
Give three plants that have adapted to the western desert and explain 2 adaptations
-Cacti: spines instead of leaves=minimise surface area+help reduce moisture loss through daily transpiration, have a waxy coating on stems=reduce water loss
-Acacia trees: leaves have a thick waxy coating which help reduce water loss through transpiration and reflect sunlight minimizing evaporation, Some acacia species can shed their leaves during periods of extreme drought to reduce water loss, entering a state of dormancy until conditions improve
-Desert bluebell: remains inactive for extended periods, only to sprout rapidly following rainfall, blooms in the evening and remains open throughout the night reducing water loss thru evaporation in daytime
Give three causes of desertification
-Population growth:more pressure on environment to provide=unsustainable land use
-overgrazing:high number of livestock grazing, reduces vegetation
-Overcultivation:crops are being grown too much removing natural vegetation and nutrients from the soil
Define desertification
Gradual change of land into desert, usually at the border of existing deserts
Give three ways to reduce desertification
-Planting more trees: tree roots hold soil together, reduces soil erosion from wind and rain
-water management: water can be stored in earth dams in wet season used to irrigate crops during dry season
-improve quality of soil: grow crops and reduce no.grazing animals
What is chemical weathering?
Caused by rainfall which has a chemical reaction when it hits rocks
What is mechanical weathering?
Caused by extremes of temperature/changes in moisture
What are the three types of chemical weathering? Explain briefly.
-carbonayion: rainfall w/carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate + limestone=calcium bicarbonate=soluble so carried away in rain
-hydrolysis: acid from rainfall breaks rock, makes it rot
-oxidation: oxygen + water = break down of rocks
What are the three types of mechanical weathering? Explain briefly.
-freeze thaw: water enters cracks in rock=night=water freezes= cracks expand = rock breaks=repetition breaks rock
-onion skin weathering: during day, rocks heated = cool and contract at night=repeats causing stress on outer layer = causes outer layers to peel away
-salt weathering: due to temp changes=salt from seaspray enters cracks in rock=salt evaporates+crystallizes=crystals grow+expand=pressure on rock=weaker rock
state the three types of mass movement
rock falls, slumping, sliding
What is longshore drift?
- (swash) waves approach coastline at an angle, determined by prevailing wind
-Backwash, transports material at a right angle
-due to gravity
Why is sediment deposites in coastal areas?
Waves lose the energy to carry sediment so it is dropped
Briefly explain interlocking spurs and how they form
Briefly explain waterfalls and how they form
-form where water flows over hard rock abovesoft rock
-soft rock eroded faster
-hard rock overhang collapses
-rock erodes soft rock at base of waterfall via abrasion creating plunge pool
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Briefly explain gorges and how they form
