urbanisation Flashcards
urbanisation
increasing proportion of a countries population lives in town and citites
urban growth
increase in the number of urban dwellers
urbanism
culture in the urban areas
megacity
population over 10m
metacity
population over 20m
patterns of urbanisation - 1950/2017
global urban population in 1950 - 746m
global urban population in 2017 - 4.1bn
- india, china and nigeria account for 37% of the growth between 2014-2050
mega cities
asia hold the majority - india, china and japan
- africa and asia predicted to have the most mega cities in the future
- tokyo (38m), Delhi(25.7m), London(10m)
- london is lower because of the greenbelt
meta cities
continous built up area
- pearl river delta, china: government planning the merge of 9 cities
stages of urbanisation
- suburbanistion
- counter urbanisation
- urban resurgence
suburbinisation
the decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area
counter urbanisation
population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas
urban resurgence
population movement from rural back to urban areas
associated with upwardly mobile young people
encourages a revival of some inner city and CBD areas
effects of industrial revolution
proportion in cities
1801 - 17%
1891 - 72%
effects of industrial revolution 1950-70
suburbanisation dominant
- increasing car ownership encouraged urban sprawl
effects of industrial revolution
1980-90
counter urbanisation
- manufacturing jobs were lost in sector shift
effects of industrial revolution 2000-
urban resurgence
- regeneration projects encourages poeple back
suburbanisation causes
- transport systems growth
- car ownership
- housing on rural urban fringe
- demand for green space
- desire for less congestion
suburbanisation effects
- decentralisation
- social segregation
- urban sprawl
suburbanisation - detorit example
- car industry lost momentum
- social segregation between 8 mile road
- white flight
counter urbanisation causes
- economic decline
- excessive pollution
- overcrowding
- better value housing
counter urbanisation effects
- urban to rural migration
- leads to regeneration
- rise in rural house prices
- more personal transport use
urban resurgence causes
- government regeneration schemes
urban resurgence effects
- socio economic inequalities
- higher prices
- higher quality of life
social urban growth processes
natural increase: age is younger, lower death rates, higher birth rates
rural urban migration: improved quality of life, jobs/education/healthare
cultural hubs: social and culture background migrating
economic urban growth processes
industrialisation: stable manufacturing jobs
technological urban growth processes
centre of innovation: technological advancement, quarternary secotr increase
political urban growth processes
unequal mega cities in wealth: political movements represent working class, government policty and regeneration
demographic urban growth processes
social segregation: international migration leads to cultural diversity, job diversity attracts young generation
consequences of urban growth e.g bangladesh
- poor living conditions
- disease
- limited service access
- 85% live in slums
- single toilet to 400 people
consequences of urban growth - urban sprawl
requires more road
- decentralisation
- traffic congestion
consequences of urban growth - shortage of housing in LIC
informal settlements
- air, noise and water pollution
consequences of urban growth - shortage of housing in HIC
increase in house prices
- immigration, gentrification
consequences of urban growth - lack of servies and waste disposal
infrastructure maintenance limited
- traffic congestion, water pollution and disease
consequences of urban growth - unemployment
pressure to create jobs
- informal employment
consequences of urban growth - transport issues
urbanisation leads to traffic increase
- congestion and pollution
- health issues
processes of urban change - deindustrialisation
loss of manufacturing industries in HIC
- competition from abroad
- mechanisation
- reduced demand
- value and productivity in service industries
processes of urban change - decentralisation
movement of population and industry away from urban centres into suburbs
- occurred same time as rise of service economy
deindustrialisation - social
- family break down
- unemployment
- crime
deindustrialisation - economic
- decline in property prices
- lower incomes
- loss of jobs
deindustrialisation - environmental
- dereliction
- lower population
- lower economic activity
deindustrialisation - urban decline, scotswood newcastle
- urban deprivation, housing and economic opportunities
- 265k redevelopment
- construction of new schools, community centres and attracting government funds
deindustrialisation - unemployment
- long term is 12+ months
- structural unemployment: conflict between skills offered and skills in demand
gentrification
character of area changed by wealthier people - driven by private enterprise
regeneration
driven by government policy
problems in inner city
social - overcrowding, crime, drugs, unemployment
economic - unemployment, low education
environment - poor conditions, lack of services
gentrification in brixton demographics
large afro-caribbean population
developed after the windrush
brixton gentrification - positive impacts
- welcoming
- encouraging business
- attracting people
- crime decreased
brixton gentrification - negative impacts
- losing identity
- local elaving due to inflamed prices
- lack of community value
- no investment into community
- stakeholder need to be involved
- ethnic minorities pushed out
