issues with urbanisation Flashcards
- economic inequality
mumbai - unequal centre, worlds most expensive home overlooks an area inhabitated by some of mumbais 9m slum dwellers
london - home to 55 billionaires but 27% live under the poverty line
- inner cities have 40% of children in low income families
measures of quality of life - social
crime incidence
- health access and standards
- education standards
- state benefits
measures of quality of life - economic
employment access
- lone individuals
- access to services
- level of income
measures of quality of life - physical
housing quality
- pollution levels
- litter incidence
- vandalism
measures of quality of life - political
opportunity to participate in community life
- influence as stakeholders
- social segregation
accentuated through economic inequality
- deprived households are concentrated in lower social wellbeing areas
social segregation - housing
cost of renting and buying homes rises in urban areas
- low income families limited to certain areas
social segregation - changing urban environments
- gentrification forced low income families out
- gated communities/ fortress developments
- urban policy tries to solve segregations
social segregation - ethnicity
- recent migration leads to people suffering discrimination in the job market
- can only afford to buy cheap houses or rent
- ethnic divisions eprsist into future generations and can improve social wellbeing by living with those with similar characteristics
strategies to reduce inequaltity - living wage
london: over 10k families lifted out of working poverty
china: subsidary paid to urban dwellers
strategies to reduce inequality - affordable housing
london: lack of affordable housing blamed for reducing employment, breaking families and mobility
strategies to reduce poverty - schools and low skilled workers
- higher education brings people out of deprivation
- ensure labour markets are inclusive and give access to opportunities
strategies to reduce inequalities - public transport
schemes improve mobility for the poor
- enables access for employment, education and services
strategies to reduce inequality - environment
- london clean air act (1956)
- poor health strongly related to poor environment
strategies to reduce inequality - fairness commissions
islington, london
- residents in richest areas cna expect to live 7 years longer than those in poor areas
- provides independant framework for local council
- gives advice on allocation of budget
- cultural diversity - multiculturalism
society recognising values and promotes diversity
- london: 300+ languages
- new york: 45% speak another language at home
issues with cultural diversity - economic
migrants meet labour shortages in service and manufacturing sectors
- minorities are projected to comprise a growing share of UK employment with lwoer than average pay
- business and service sectors will remian an underrepresentation
issues with cultural diversity - housing
multiple occupancy in rented accommodation is widespread
- trouble securing mortgage loans
- residential succession established ethnic groups moving to suburban locations
issues with cultural diversity - education
centred school concentrated with ethnic groups
- significant variation in educational attainment
- report suggesting a result of higher aspirations by ethnic minority students
issues with cultural diversity - health
ethnic minorities in the inner city
- associated with poorer levels of health
- can be result of poor quality built environment
issues with cultural diversity - religion
migrants follow religious calenders
- friction with employers and local communities
- misunderstanding of practices can lead to conflict
issues with cultural diversity - gender
- tendancy for women to be primary carers which brings disadvantage
- poorly paid
issues with cultural diversity - culture
supports interculturalism - blending
- 75% of europeans consider sport as integration
issues with cultural diversity - language
- host language is not adopted, it acts as barrier to integration
- restricts employment and educational opportunities
