Urbanisation Flashcards
give three concepts of cities as socio-spatial processes and who proposed them
- urbanisation and development
- urbanism
- planning
Jonas et al.
what does it mean for cities to be socio-spatial processes?
They are always changing and influenced greatly by societal forces
how much of the earths population lives in cities
over half, since 2008
how has urbanisation represented a revolution in society’s organisation
huge move from rural to urban, increasing concentration of everything, change from subsistence farming to industrial farms
give four different approaches to studying cities
discipline focused, topic focused, spatial scale, conceptual entry points
give four characteristics of the 18th/19th century industrial city
social tensions around difficult living conditions,
magnet for job seekers and creation of new proletariat social class,
reactions of shock and awe to the rapid growth,
stark inequalities
give four characteristics of the 20th century city
huge expansion of American cities (African americans moving from rural south to cities)
process of de-industrialisation from the mid-century,
transformation of economy and culture,
companies becoming more globalised after the 70s recession
define urbanism
architecture and design, or ways of life and interaction with other in a city at a certain time
how does urbanism consider space and place to be formed and develop in cities?
lived places are produced and reproduced by people
how can the state also shape the context of urban development
urban planning
explain urban renewal in the US after the 70s recession
manufacturing employment declined and cities were given cheap loans to clean up blighted areas of the city. Thousands of poor people were displaced
give three purposes of critical urban geography
propose new concepts, develop socially relevant and politically engaged research, take the experiences of ordinary city residents seriously and move away from dominant elite view
what are planning mechanisms in tension with in the city?
unpredictability
through what lense do modernist cities respond to challenges and plan?
utopian
how has the narrative of the modernist city changed over time?
rapid change perhaps no longer seen as a pinnacle of human achievement but cities still seen as holding promise for future of civilisation
who came up with the Garden City? and roughly when?
Ebenezer Howard
late 19th and early 20th century
what was the new type of settlement proposed for the Garden City called
town country
what was the pop. limit for the Garden City
32,000 people per 1000 acres
give four reasons that the Garden City model failed in reality
- gentrification
- rising land and rent values
- reputation for eccentrics
- limited reach, failed to transform entire society
Who came up with the Radiant City concept? and roughly when?
Le Corbusier, early to mid 20th century
what two components did Le Corbusier combine in his planned city
machine-made, standardised urban environment and natural, open space environment
how has Le Corbusier’s vision had problems in reality?
Chandigarh- classes are segregated, 3x the planned population so slums found around the edges
Brasilia was modelled on it but has excessive traffic and is impractical
briefly describe jane jacobs’ ideas on city planning
criticized urban renewal and slum clearance, focus on small scale interventions that be scaled up- changing the city through the local, experiences of ordinary people
name the 5 periods of urbanisation
- pre-modern urbanisation
- industrial city
- 20th century city
- post-industrial city
- 20th century city
where were the first towns established
the fertile crescent of the middle east
describe pre-modern urbanisation
near essential resources, had to solve complex urban issues, creation of defensive structures, social order built into the city, gov and policy intervention, medieval building issues
what process brought about the creation of the proletariat class?
enclosure of commons
what event drove the 20th century growth of cities, especially in the US
the transformation of the global economy through the Bretton Woods agreement
what does Harvey’s spatial fix concept describe?
how the economy became embedded within city processes and infrastructure
when did the “20th century” industrial city begin to decline
1960s
what do Marxist geographers criticize in terms of modern cities?
their organisation around private rather than public spaces and activities
how do capitalist processes shape cities?
influences how people live and move through the city, limits certain people access to certain places
when did urban decline begin to be challenged>
80s
how did cities begin to reframe themselves in the post-industrial age
as centres of knowledge, production and decision-making
who came up with the term urban entrepreneurialism and what does it refer to
Harvey
politicians adopted a market-led approach to push development with private sector partnerships.
it differs from the previous managerial stage
how have cities changed in the 21st century?
greater inequalities,
triumph of the markets, attract more and more people,
housing issues, new era of planetary urbanisation, rise of urban China
how does the “smart city” aim to take control of cities
big data and surveillance helps city to make order out of chaos of the city
limitations of sensors and technology?
may not give best data on actual social relations, cannot assume they are accurate or non-biased, may increase inequalities
