Urbanisation

Question 1

give three concepts of cities as socio-spatial processes and who proposed them

Answer 1

1. urbanisation and development
2. urbanism
3. planning
   Jonas et al.

Question 2

what does it mean for cities to be socio-spatial processes?

Answer 2

They are always changing and influenced greatly by societal forces

Question 3

how much of the earths population lives in cities

Answer 3

over half, since 2008

Question 4

how has urbanisation represented a revolution in society’s organisation

Answer 4

huge move from rural to urban, increasing concentration of everything, change from subsistence farming to industrial farms

Question 5

give four different approaches to studying cities

Answer 5

discipline focused, topic focused, spatial scale, conceptual entry points

Question 6

give four characteristics of the 18th/19th century industrial city

Answer 6

social tensions around difficult living conditions,
magnet for job seekers and creation of new proletariat social class,
reactions of shock and awe to the rapid growth,
stark inequalities

Question 7

give four characteristics of the 20th century city

Answer 7

huge expansion of American cities (African americans moving from rural south to cities)
process of de-industrialisation from the mid-century,
transformation of economy and culture,
companies becoming more globalised after the 70s recession

Question 8

define urbanism

Answer 8

architecture and design, or ways of life and interaction with other in a city at a certain time

Question 9

how does urbanism consider space and place to be formed and develop in cities?

Answer 9

lived places are produced and reproduced by people

Question 10

how can the state also shape the context of urban development

Answer 10

urban planning

Question 11

explain urban renewal in the US after the 70s recession

Answer 11

manufacturing employment declined and cities were given cheap loans to clean up blighted areas of the city. Thousands of poor people were displaced

Question 12

give three purposes of critical urban geography

Answer 12

propose new concepts, develop socially relevant and politically engaged research, take the experiences of ordinary city residents seriously and move away from dominant elite view

Question 13

what are planning mechanisms in tension with in the city?

Answer 13

unpredictability

Question 14

through what lense do modernist cities respond to challenges and plan?

Answer 14

utopian

Question 15

how has the narrative of the modernist city changed over time?

Answer 15

rapid change perhaps no longer seen as a pinnacle of human achievement but cities still seen as holding promise for future of civilisation

Question 16

who came up with the Garden City? and roughly when?

Answer 16

Ebenezer Howard

late 19th and early 20th century

Question 17

what was the new type of settlement proposed for the Garden City called

Answer 17

town country

Question 18

what was the pop. limit for the Garden City

Answer 18

32,000 people per 1000 acres

Question 19

give four reasons that the Garden City model failed in reality

Answer 19

1. gentrification
2. rising land and rent values
3. reputation for eccentrics
4. limited reach, failed to transform entire society

Question 20

Who came up with the Radiant City concept? and roughly when?

Answer 20

Le Corbusier, early to mid 20th century

Question 21

what two components did Le Corbusier combine in his planned city

Answer 21

machine-made, standardised urban environment and natural, open space environment

Question 22

how has Le Corbusier’s vision had problems in reality?

Answer 22

Chandigarh- classes are segregated, 3x the planned population so slums found around the edges
Brasilia was modelled on it but has excessive traffic and is impractical

Question 23

briefly describe jane jacobs’ ideas on city planning

Answer 23

criticized urban renewal and slum clearance, focus on small scale interventions that be scaled up- changing the city through the local, experiences of ordinary people

Question 24

name the 5 periods of urbanisation

Answer 24

1. pre-modern urbanisation
2. industrial city
3. 20th century city
4. post-industrial city
5. 20th century city

Question 25

where were the first towns established

Answer 25

the fertile crescent of the middle east

Question 26

describe pre-modern urbanisation

Answer 26

near essential resources, had to solve complex urban issues, creation of defensive structures, social order built into the city, gov and policy intervention, medieval building issues

Question 27

what process brought about the creation of the proletariat class?

Answer 27

enclosure of commons

Question 28

what event drove the 20th century growth of cities, especially in the US

Answer 28

the transformation of the global economy through the Bretton Woods agreement

Question 29

what does Harvey’s spatial fix concept describe?

Answer 29

how the economy became embedded within city processes and infrastructure

Question 30

when did the “20th century” industrial city begin to decline

Answer 30

1960s

Question 31

what do Marxist geographers criticize in terms of modern cities?

Answer 31

their organisation around private rather than public spaces and activities

Question 32

how do capitalist processes shape cities?

Answer 32

influences how people live and move through the city, limits certain people access to certain places

Question 33

when did urban decline begin to be challenged>

Answer 33

80s

Question 34

how did cities begin to reframe themselves in the post-industrial age

Answer 34

as centres of knowledge, production and decision-making

Question 35

who came up with the term urban entrepreneurialism and what does it refer to

Answer 35

Harvey
politicians adopted a market-led approach to push development with private sector partnerships.
it differs from the previous managerial stage

Question 36

how have cities changed in the 21st century?

Answer 36

greater inequalities,
triumph of the markets, attract more and more people,
housing issues, new era of planetary urbanisation, rise of urban China

Question 37

how does the “smart city” aim to take control of cities

Answer 37

big data and surveillance helps city to make order out of chaos of the city

Question 38

limitations of sensors and technology?

Answer 38

may not give best data on actual social relations, cannot assume they are accurate or non-biased, may increase inequalities