Urban Worlds (3) Flashcards
What different stages to cities go through when they develop?
Urbanisation
Suburbanisation
De-industrialisation
Counter-urbanisation
Regeneration
Describe Urbanisation
- increase in proportion of the population living in urban areas
- cities in developed countries grew during the Industrial Revolution (1760-1850)
- workers lived in small, terraced housing around factories in the city centre
Describe Suburbanisation
- movement of people from urban areas to surrounding suburbs (centre -> edge)
- urban areas expand rapidly (sprawl) as more housing is built
- offer more open, green space with a cleaner environment
- improved transport networks meant that people could live in the suburbs and commute to work in the city
Describe De-industrialisation
- manufacturing sector moves out of an area
- move to rural areas where (land) rents are cheaper or overseas, where costs are lower (GLOBAL SHIFT)
- leads to de-population, due to a lack of jobs
- city centre and industrial zones decline, so unemployment increases - lower standards of living (poverty)
- services are at risk of closing
Describe Counter-urbanisation
- movement of people away from urban areas to rural areas
- higher quality of life and house prices are often lower
- increased transport means that people can live further away and commute to work
- increased communication services (eg. high speed internet connections) allow people to work from home
- some companies no longer need to be in a city centre - can locate to rural areas where land is cheaper
Describe Regeneration
- reverse the decline of urban areas
- governments and private companies invest in new development (eg. high quality flats, upgrading infrastructure) to attract people and businesses back
- when some business return, others are encouraged to do so as well
- young, single people often want to live close to work and good entertainment services (eg. bars, nightclubs)
What is land use influenced by?
Availability
Accessibility
Planning Regulations
Cost
Describe Accessibility
- city centres are accessible - main train and bus routes and road networks
- shops and offices locate in the CBD as they must be accessible to many people
- some business now locate on the edge of cities to avoid traffic congestion
Describe Availability
- in the CBD, there is little ground space, therefore buildings have to expand upwards - lots or tall buildings
- Brownfield land (eg. old industrial areas) can be redeveloped into shops/offices
- lots of space on the edge of cities where larger buildings (eg. shopping centres) can be built (IF ALLOWED)
Describe Cost (land use)
- the CBD has the highest land prices; cost falls as you move further out
- some businesses can afford to locate in the CBD, but there are few houses
- houses tend to increase in size as you move further outwards as the cost of land decreases
Describe Planning Regulations
- city planners try to control how a city develops
- often strict planning regulations - polluting industries may be banned
- Greenbelt land may not be allowed to be built on - prevents sprawl
What is urbanisation?
The growth in the proportion of people of a country’s population living in urban areas
Where does urbanisation occur the fastest? (currently)
Developing countries
- Slower rate in developed countries (have already urbanised)
What is a megacity?
A city with more than 10 million residents
Where are most megacities found?
Asia
- Tokyo
- Jakarta
- Karachi
(eg)
What is urban primacy?
When one city dominates the others:
- usually have larger populations
How does urban primacy influence a country economically? (I, M, T)
Investment:
- business often locate there, attracting investment in infrastructure and services
Migration:
- there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly-skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities eg. higher-paid jobs
Transport:
- international ports and airports are often located there, encouraging further investment and migration
How does urban primacy influence a country politically?
Governments and headquarters of large business are often located there:
- decisions about development are likely to favour the city, rather than the rest of the country
What is migration a result of?
Push and Pull factors
Push factors
- shortage of jobs
- low wages
- crime, natural disasters
- polluted environment
- war/conflict
- poor standard of living - poor EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE
Pull factors
- more employment opportunities
- higher wages
- safety
- cleaner environment
- good quality of life - good EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE
How is economic change affecting developing countries?
1) Rural areas are very poor - improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed - leads to national migration as people seek better jobs
2) Some cities have good transport links so trade is focussed there - provides many jobs
How is economic change affecting emerging countries?
1) Some cities have become manufacturing centres - lots of manufacturing jobs
2) As countries get wealthier, they invest in FLAGSHIP projects - eg. building new sports stadiums for international events, to attract foreign investment - provides many jobs
How is economic change affecting developed countries?
1) De-industrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas - people move away to find work elsewhere
2) Some cities are being regenerated - this attracts people back to the city
3) Skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region - decline of the cities that they are leaving
2 types of employment
Formal
Informal
Describe formal employment
- workers are protected under law (safety)
- fair pay
- good conditions
- rules about working hours
- are registered, therefore pay tax to the government
Describe informal employment
- unofficial, therefore no tax is payed to the government
- long hours
- poor/dangerous conditions
- lower wages
- not protected by law
Name the different employment sectors + brief description
Primary: raw materials, agriculture, fishing, mining
Secondary: manufacturing
Tertiary: services (financial, medical, police, transport)
Quaternary: information, research and development, IT
