Development Dynamics (2) Flashcards
Name the 3 different aspects as to how a country can Develop
Social development
Economic development
Political development
What is GDP and GDP per capita and what are they measures of
(1) the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
(2) the GDP of a country divided by its population
They are both measures of Wealth, as a country develops, the values gets higher
What is GNI and GNI per capita and what are they measures of?
(1) the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including overseas income
(2) the GNI divided by the population of a country
- they are both measures of Wealth
What do you call indicators of development based on multiple factors and what might it be more beneficial to use these?
Composite indicators of development (eg HDI)
- single indicators can be misleading because as a country develops, some access develop before others
Describe the shape of a Population pyramid for a Developing country
Wide at the base and becomes narrower as you move towards the top (rapidly)
Explain why Developing countries have a Population Pyramid shaped like it is
(1) They have higher fertility and birth rates as there is no use of contraception
(2) People have lots of children as a lot of them die at a young age due to poor healthcare
(3) The death rate is high due to poor healthcare and life expectancy is low (narrow top)
(4) There are a lot more younger people than older people
Describe the shape of a Population Pyramid for an Emerging country
The base is still quite wide, but begins to narrow. The top begins to widen.
Explain why Emerging countries have a Population Pyramid shaped the way it is
(1) Fertility rates fall as women have a more equal place in society and education is better
(2) Use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children
(3) Healthcare improves, so life expectancy increases, and death rate falls
(4) More people of the working age and less children
Describe the shape of a Population Pyramid for a Developed country
The base becomes narrower, whilst the top widens so the middle bulges out
Explain why Developed countries have a Population Pyramid shaped the way it is
(1) Fertility rates are low as people want possessions and a high quality of life
(2) People may have dependent elderly relatives - less money for children
(3) Healthcare is good, so a low death rate and high life expectancy
(4) Lots more older people and the proportion of younger people decreases
Name the factors that can affect development
- Topography
- Climate
- Neo-Colonialism
- Health
- Education
- Colonialism
- Politics
How can Climate affect developing?
- If a country has a poor climate, nothing (crops) can grow, reducing the food produced
- If food production decreases, the rates if malnourishment will increase - low quality of life
- People have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services - low quality of life
How can Topography affect development?
- If the land is steep, it won’t produce a lot of food - same affect as having a poor climate
- Steep land can make it difficult to develop infrastructure eg roads, power lines
- Limit trade and makes it hard to provide basic services
How can Education affect development?
- Educating people provides a more skilled workforce, meaning the country can produce more goods
- Brings in money through trade and investment
- Educated people earn more through more advanced jobs, so pay more tax to the government
How can Health affect development?
- People that are ill can’t work, so don’t contribute to the economy
- Lack of clean water and poor healthcare means that many people suffer from diseases eg malaria
- Increased spending on healthcare means less is available for other aspects of development (comes from the lack of economic contribution if people don’t work)
How can Colonialism affect development?
- Colonised countries are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence
- European countries colonised much of Africa - they removed raw materials and slaves and this was sold back as expensive goods
- Led to dependence of Europe, leading to famine and malnutrition
How can Neo-Colonialism affect development?
- Richer countries continue to control these countries indirectly after they gain independence
- Some TNC’s exploit cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
- International organisation sometimes offer conditional loans - poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to
How can Politics affect development?
- Authoritarian governments can put development prospects in place without anyone worrying them: can be beneficial (rapid growth) or very bad (economic crash)
- Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money intended for development or new infra for themselves
- Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements and loans
Describe the 5 stages of Rostow’s model for Development
1: Traditional society: subsistence based - farming, fishing, little trade
2: Preconditions for take-off: manufacturing starts to develop and infrastructure is built for trading
3: Take-off: Rapid, intensive growth, large-scale industrialisation, increasing wealth
4: Drive to maturity: economy grows so people get wealthier, widespread use of technology
5: Mass consumption: lots of trade, high standard of living, people are wealthy, goods produced
Describe Frank’s dependency theory
Alternative to Rostow’s model
(1) poorer, weaker (periphery) countries are dependent on the core (richer) countries
(2) exploitation has continued, so core countries dominate the trading system
(3) eg poorer countries plant crops for export to sell cheaply to core countries. They then have to import them back for a higher price to provide for their population - trapped in poverty
(4) rich countries exploit poor countries by loaning money with high interest rates - large debts
(5) poor countries can’t develop
Describe some ways in which Global Inequalities can cause Environmental problems
(1) Economic development leads to more consumption of energy as people get wealthier
(2) Industrialisation leads to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change
(3) Rich countries have factories based in periphery countries- local pollution levels are high
(4) Poor people can be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage - they can’t afford fuel so they collect firewood which leads to deforestation and CO2 emissions
(5) Waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste ends up in rivers / lakes
Name some Social / Political consequences due to Global (economical) inequalities
Education
Politics
Healthcare
Explain how Education is a social consequence of global inequality
- Poorer countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries
- Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees and children may have to work to support families
- Lack of education means that people can’t get better-paid, skilled jobs in the future - cycle of poverty continues
Explain how Health is a consequence of global inequality
- Developing countries have higher risk for diseases, leading to lower life-expectancies
- Infant mortality rate is much higher in developing countries
- Poorer people find it hard to get quality health care and healthy food
