Development Dynamics (2) Flashcards
Name the 3 different aspects as to how a country can Develop
Social development
Economic development
Political development
What is GDP and GDP per capita and what are they measures of
(1) the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
(2) the GDP of a country divided by its population
They are both measures of Wealth, as a country develops, the values gets higher
What is GNI and GNI per capita and what are they measures of?
(1) the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including overseas income
(2) the GNI divided by the population of a country
- they are both measures of Wealth
What do you call indicators of development based on multiple factors and what might it be more beneficial to use these?
Composite indicators of development (eg HDI)
- single indicators can be misleading because as a country develops, some access develop before others
Describe the shape of a Population pyramid for a Developing country
Wide at the base and becomes narrower as you move towards the top (rapidly)
Explain why Developing countries have a Population Pyramid shaped like it is
(1) They have higher fertility and birth rates as there is no use of contraception
(2) People have lots of children as a lot of them die at a young age due to poor healthcare
(3) The death rate is high due to poor healthcare and life expectancy is low (narrow top)
(4) There are a lot more younger people than older people
Describe the shape of a Population Pyramid for an Emerging country
The base is still quite wide, but begins to narrow. The top begins to widen.
Explain why Emerging countries have a Population Pyramid shaped the way it is
(1) Fertility rates fall as women have a more equal place in society and education is better
(2) Use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children
(3) Healthcare improves, so life expectancy increases, and death rate falls
(4) More people of the working age and less children
Describe the shape of a Population Pyramid for a Developed country
The base becomes narrower, whilst the top widens so the middle bulges out
Explain why Developed countries have a Population Pyramid shaped the way it is
(1) Fertility rates are low as people want possessions and a high quality of life
(2) People may have dependent elderly relatives - less money for children
(3) Healthcare is good, so a low death rate and high life expectancy
(4) Lots more older people and the proportion of younger people decreases
Name the factors that can affect development
- Topography
- Climate
- Neo-Colonialism
- Health
- Education
- Colonialism
- Politics
How can Climate affect developing?
- If a country has a poor climate, nothing (crops) can grow, reducing the food produced
- If food production decreases, the rates if malnourishment will increase - low quality of life
- People have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services - low quality of life
How can Topography affect development?
- If the land is steep, it won’t produce a lot of food - same affect as having a poor climate
- Steep land can make it difficult to develop infrastructure eg roads, power lines
- Limit trade and makes it hard to provide basic services
How can Education affect development?
- Educating people provides a more skilled workforce, meaning the country can produce more goods
- Brings in money through trade and investment
- Educated people earn more through more advanced jobs, so pay more tax to the government
How can Health affect development?
- People that are ill can’t work, so don’t contribute to the economy
- Lack of clean water and poor healthcare means that many people suffer from diseases eg malaria
- Increased spending on healthcare means less is available for other aspects of development (comes from the lack of economic contribution if people don’t work)
How can Colonialism affect development?
- Colonised countries are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence
- European countries colonised much of Africa - they removed raw materials and slaves and this was sold back as expensive goods
- Led to dependence of Europe, leading to famine and malnutrition
How can Neo-Colonialism affect development?
- Richer countries continue to control these countries indirectly after they gain independence
- Some TNC’s exploit cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
- International organisation sometimes offer conditional loans - poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to
How can Politics affect development?
- Authoritarian governments can put development prospects in place without anyone worrying them: can be beneficial (rapid growth) or very bad (economic crash)
- Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money intended for development or new infra for themselves
- Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements and loans
Describe the 5 stages of Rostow’s model for Development
1: Traditional society: subsistence based - farming, fishing, little trade
2: Preconditions for take-off: manufacturing starts to develop and infrastructure is built for trading
3: Take-off: Rapid, intensive growth, large-scale industrialisation, increasing wealth
4: Drive to maturity: economy grows so people get wealthier, widespread use of technology
5: Mass consumption: lots of trade, high standard of living, people are wealthy, goods produced
Describe Frank’s dependency theory
Alternative to Rostow’s model
(1) poorer, weaker (periphery) countries are dependent on the core (richer) countries
(2) exploitation has continued, so core countries dominate the trading system
(3) eg poorer countries plant crops for export to sell cheaply to core countries. They then have to import them back for a higher price to provide for their population - trapped in poverty
(4) rich countries exploit poor countries by loaning money with high interest rates - large debts
(5) poor countries can’t develop
Describe some ways in which Global Inequalities can cause Environmental problems
(1) Economic development leads to more consumption of energy as people get wealthier
(2) Industrialisation leads to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change
(3) Rich countries have factories based in periphery countries- local pollution levels are high
(4) Poor people can be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage - they can’t afford fuel so they collect firewood which leads to deforestation and CO2 emissions
(5) Waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste ends up in rivers / lakes
Name some Social / Political consequences due to Global (economical) inequalities
Education
Politics
Healthcare
Explain how Education is a social consequence of global inequality
- Poorer countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries
- Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees and children may have to work to support families
- Lack of education means that people can’t get better-paid, skilled jobs in the future - cycle of poverty continues
Explain how Health is a consequence of global inequality
- Developing countries have higher risk for diseases, leading to lower life-expectancies
- Infant mortality rate is much higher in developing countries
- Poorer people find it hard to get quality health care and healthy food
Explain how Politics is a consequence of global inequality
- Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countries
- This means that civil wars are more likely in developing countries - poverty increases as more money is spent on armoury rather than development
- Poor countries rely on rich countries so have less global influence
What is Globalisation?
The process of countries’ systems and culture becoming more interconnected / integrated
Why does globalisation happen?
The movement of money and people between countries as well as business locating abroad
- Improvements in ICT include e-mail, phones, internet so it is easier to communicate
- Improvements in Transport include more airports, ships so it is easier to communicate and distribute supplies
Examples of how TNCs are increasing globalisation and what they do
- TNCs are companies that produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country
- They link countries together through the production and sale of goods
- They bring the culture from their country of origin to many other countries eg. McDonald’s brings Western food to other countries
- Promote a culture of consumerism - people in emerging countries see the products in developed countries eg phones and TVs and want them too, making lifestyles more similar
Explain how Governments are increasing globalisation
(1) Free Trade - governments promote free trade eg reducing tariffs on goods, making it easier to distribute goods, money and services between countries
(2) Investment - governments compete with each other to attract investment by TNCs as they believe these will bring jobs and promote economic growth in their country
(3) Privatisation - governments hand over services and industries to private companies
Why have some countries benefited more than others from globalisation?
China and Brazil have benefited since they have:
- large, cheap workforces
- lots of cheap raw materials
- reasonable infrastructure
- less strict environmental and labour laws
- governments open to foreign investment
- available land
Why could globalisation be increasing global Inequalities?
(1) Free trade benefits rich countries - TNC profits normally return to their headquarters which are often in developed countries and poorer countries struggle to compete
(2) Richer countries benefit from freer movement of labour - skilled workers are attracted by higher wages and better working conditions in rich countries, leading to a brain-drain in poorer countries
What type of strategy are Top-Down approaches?
Government or IGO or TNC makes decisions about how to increase development
Scale and Aims of Top-Down approaches?
- Used for large projects eg dams for HEP
- Aim to solve large-scale problems and improve the lives of several people
Funding of Top-Down approaches?
- Usually very expensive
- Funded by TNCs and Governments
- Or funded by loans from international organisations eg The World Bank
Technology for Top-Down approaches?
- Projects are high-tech and energy intensive as construction involves machinery and technology, operated by skilled workers
- Recipient country becomes dependent on technology
What type of strategy are Bottom-Up approaches?
Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own communities
NGOs are often involved
Scale and aims of Bottom-Up approaches?
- Small-scale eg building a well in a village
- Often aim to improve the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people in sociey
Funding for Bottom-Up approaches?
- Projects are much cheaper than Top-Down projects
- Most money comes from charities and NGOs, which rely on donations
Technology for Bottom-Up approaches?
- Involve intermediate technology
- Local materials are used and local people are employed
Advantages of NGO-led projects
- Projects are designed to address the needs of local people
- Local, cheap materials used, so the country isn’t relying on expensive imports
- Labour intensive, creating jobs for local people
Disadvantages of NGO-led projects
- Projects are small-scale so do not benefit everyone
- Funding dependent on donations, so it is unreliable
Advantages of TNC-led projects
- Provide employment for local people
- More companies mean a greater income from taxes for the host country
- Help improve development on a large scale
- TNCs may invest in infrastructure, improving roads and communication links, improving quality of life
Disadvantages of TNC-led projects
- Some profits leave the host country
- TNCs can cause environmental problems eg toxic waste as poor countries have less strict regulations
- Can exploit cheap labour eg. Apple
Advantages of IGO-led projects
- Can afford to fund large projects
- Can improve a country’s economy, helping with long-term development eg HEP stations may promote industry, provide jobs, increasing taxes, boosting the economy
- Can improve quality of life eg reliable power and clean water
Disadvantages of IGO-led projects
- Large projects are expensive and the country has to pay back the loan, leading to debt
- May not benefit everyone eg HEP may not supply remote areas with power
- Corrupt governments may use money for their own purposes
- Projects are energy intensive, releasing greenhouse gases
What is Birth rate and what is it a measure of?
The number of live babies born per thousand of the population
Women’s rights
What is Death rate and what is it a measure of
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
Health
What is Fertility rate and what is it a measure of?
The average number of births per woman
Women’ rights
What is Infant Mortality rate and what is it a measure of?
The number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand of the population
Health
What is Maternal Mortality rate and what is it a measure of?
The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births
Healthcare
What is the Gini coefficient and what is it a measure of?
A measure of economic inequality between 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality)
Inequality
What is the Gender Inequality Index and what is it a measure of?
A number calculated using data on women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score, the more inequality there is
Women’s rights
What is the Human Development Index (HDI) and what is it a measure of?
A number calculated using life expectancy, average schooling years and income per head between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed
Lots of thongs: Composite factor
What is the Corruptions Perception Index (CPI) and what is it a measure of?
The level of corruption believed to exist in the public sector on a scale from 1-100. The lower the score, the more corruption
Corruption
