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A. Contemporary Urban Environments > Urban Waste > Flashcards

Urban Waste Flashcards

1
Q

Uk waste generation rate

A

growing by 3% each year

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2
Q

municipal

A

belonging to a town or city

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3
Q

domestic waste

A

waste generated by households

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4
Q

waste management

A

the management of rubbish through a variety of methods

  • reduction
  • recycling
  • composting
  • incineration
  • landfill
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5
Q

municipal solid waste

A

everyday items discarded by the public

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6
Q

unregulated waste disposal

A

waste is dumped without any laws, regulations or rules covering its safe disposal

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7
Q

why does it matter how we deal with waste

A
  • waste gives off methane
  • it costs a huge amount of money to deal with waste
  • landfill space is running out
  • conditions of workers is bad
  • health problems can result if waste is untreated or uncollected
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8
Q

what percentage of waste is generated by high income individuals

A

46%

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9
Q

what percentage of waste comes from upper middle income individuals

A

19%

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10
Q

what percentage of waste comes from lower middle income individuals

A

29%

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11
Q

what percentage of waste comes from lower income individuals

A

6%

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12
Q

Sources of waste: residential

A

individuals/families

food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, e-waste

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13
Q

Sources of waste: industrial

A

light and heavy industry

housekeeping wastes, packaging, food waste, hazardous waste

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14
Q

Sources of waste: commercial

A

stores, hotel, restaurants

paper, cardboard, wood, food, hazardous materals

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15
Q

Sources of waste: institutional

A

schools, hospitals

same as commercial

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16
Q

Sources of waste: construction and demolition

A

new construction sites, road repair

wood, concrete, dirt

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17
Q

Sources of waste: municipal services

A

street cleaning, landscaping, parks, water and wastewater treatment plants
general waste from parks, tree trimmings

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18
Q

reasons for increasing production of waste

A
  • population is increasing globally so there are more people producing waste
  • throw away culture - consumerism - critical view of overconsumption and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items over durable goods that can be repaired
  • built in obsolescence - when a product is designed to have a specific lifespan
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19
Q

waste streams

A

the complete flow of waste from its source through to its recovery/recycling or final disposal

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20
Q

waste streams in HIC’s

A

highly regulated (taxed and restricted)

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21
Q

waste streams in LIC’s

A

improper dumping of municipal solid waste is common - rag pickers, unofficial landfill

22
Q

waste management pyramid

A 
reduce
reuse
recycle
landfill
incineration
23
Q

reduce

A

reduce as much as we can

waste related legislation, education, financial incentive

24
Q

Methods of waste disposal: recycling

A

converting waste into new materials

25
Q

advantages of recycling

A
  • reduces pollutants
  • environmentally friendly
  • minimise landfill
  • manages resource consumption
26
Q

disadvantages of recylcing

A
  • cost to build recycling centre
  • unhygienic
  • some materials not recylable
  • requires energy and chemicals
27
Q

Recycling example

A

uk household recycled waste went from 17% to 44%

28
Q

Methods of waste disposal: incineration

A

burning waste (sometimes to generate energy)

29
Q

advantages of incineration

A
  • decreases the amount of waste
  • efficient waste management
  • production of heat and power
  • can trap pollutants in factory
  • saves on transportation of waste
30
Q

disadvantages of incineration

A
  • expensive to build
  • pollute environment
  • damage to health
  • poorer areas worse affected
31
Q

incineration example

A

deprived areas are 3x more likely to host incineration plants

32
Q

Methods of waste disposal: landfill

A

holes in the ground where rubbish is dumped
- the disposal of refuse waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil. Landfills have lining to prevent leachate from running out of them. This leachate is collected in pipes and transferred to leachate ponds where it can be treated to minimise damage to the environmen

33
Q

advantages of landfill

A
  • built with lining to prevent leaking
  • safe containment
  • once full sometimes possible to reuse the land for alternate purposes
34
Q

disadvantages of landfill

A
  • smells bad
  • unattractive
  • requires actual land to bury in - running out of space
35
Q

landfill example

A

500 landfill sites in the uk

landfill has increased by 4% in the uk in 2019

36
Q

Methods of waste disposal: submergence

A

waste placed into water to dispose of

37
Q

advantages of submergence

A
  • cheap
  • doesnt take up landfill space
  • waste islands in the sea used for industry
38
Q

disadvantages of submergence

A
  • changes water levels
  • pollutes water
  • kills marine life
  • can get into food chain
39
Q

submergence example

A

Tokyo Bay has a manmade island made of waste - 300x60m

40
Q

Methods of waste disposal: trade

A

exporting of HIC waste to LICs

41
Q

advantages of trade (waste)

A
  • hic’s do not have to deal with their own waste

- provides employment for large numbers of people in LIC’s and NEE’s

42
Q

disadvantages of trade (waste)

A
  • LIC’s have little regulations for health and safety
  • electronic waste can contaminate water supply
  • increase in GHG from transportation
43
Q

trade example

A

50-80% of US e-waste is exported

44
Q

Methods of waste disposal: recovery

A

using waste for another purpose

45
Q

advantages of recovery

A
  • reduces fossil carbon content
  • saving in raw material and waste disposal cost
  • less environmental issues with disposal
46
Q

disadvantages of recovery

A
  • expensive to set up

- requires everyone in the system to work together to be effective

47
Q

recovery example

A
  • stripping electrical components to reuse wires

- extracting precious metals from mobile phones to be reused

48
Q

what is the dutch approach to waste

A

Amsterdam is the cultural capital of the Netherlands. Lack of space and growing environmental awareness forced the Dutch government to take measures to reduce their reliance on landfill
The Dutch approach is to avoid creating waste in the first place, recover the valuable raw materials and generate energy by incinerating residual waste and only dump what is left but do it in an environmentally friendly way – this is known as Lansink’s ladder – incorporated into Dutch legislation in 1994.

49
Q

What is the problem with landfill in Amsterdam?

A

Increasing level of material consumption and significant lack of physical space as well as environmental deterioration of the land forced the government to take measures early on to reduce the landfilling of waste. Increasing numbers of objections to waste disposal sites from the public due to smell, soil pollution and groundwater contamination.

50
Q

How has the problem with landfills been dealt with through legislation in Amsterdam?

A
  • In 1995 the government introduced landfill tax on every tonne of material landfilled. This gave waste processing companies financial incentive to look for other methods such as recycling and incineration
  • Landfill tax increased every year until 2012 when it was repealed because the low level of landfilling had rendered the tax unnecessary.
  • A landfill ban covering 35 waste categories was introduced in 1995
51
Q

how successful have they been in managing waste sent to landfills

A

The amount of waste sent to landfill sites decreased significantly in the late 1990s and early 2000s. by 2006 the country had already reached the targets of the landfill directive set for 2016.

52
Q

what is the AEB?

A

The AEB is an incineration plant which converts waste to energy

  • capable of producing 1 million MWh of electricity annually
  • creates heat for several communities around Amsterdam producing 300,000 gigajoules of heat annually
  • 64% of water is recycled
  • installed a complex of scrubbing flue gases
  • water treatment plant next to AEB, two plants work together -incineration plant provides energy and heat for the water treatment processes and the water plant injects its sludge into the incineration plant as an additional fuel source
  • avoids over 400kilotons of CO2 per year

A. Contemporary Urban Environments (6 decks)

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