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contemporary urban environments > urban waste > Flashcards

urban waste Flashcards

1
Q

industrial waste

A

any waste that has been produced in manufacturing process or from industrial activity

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2
Q

commercial waste

A

waste produced by businesses e.g shops restaurants and offices
often includes food paper cardboard and plastics

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3
Q

personal waste

A

any waste that is produced by private homes

plastic bottles food packaging newspapers food waste

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4
Q

what percentage of all waste globally is organic?

A

46%

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5
Q

what percentage of all waste globally is paper?

A

17%

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6
Q

what percentage of waste globally is plastic?

A

10%

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7
Q

what percentage of waste globally is glass?

A

5%

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8
Q

what is a waste stream?

A

flow of waste from its origin through to its eventual disposal

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9
Q

what happens as people get richer?

A

consume more goods

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10
Q

how much waste does a developed country produce?

A

2.1kg per person per day

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11
Q

How much waste does a developing country produce?

A

0.6kg per person per day

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12
Q

differences in waste in rural and urban areas?

A

urban dwellers produce more waste than rural residents

people in rural areas produce more organic waste (food) and people in cities produce more manufactured waste

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13
Q

how do facilities affect waste streams?

A

people are more likely to recycle waste if recycling facilities are easily accessible and authorities encourage them to

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14
Q

how does diet affect waste component and streams?

A

producing processed food creates waste and products tend to come in a lot of packaging
in contrast fruit and vegetables tend to produce more compostable waste and less packaging

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15
Q

developed countries attitudes towards waste?

A

throw away culture
electronics replaced regularly, clothing worn a few times then thrown away
results in high levels of waste much of which cannot be recycled or has a complex waste stream

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16
Q

how does increasing concerns about health affect waste ?

A

may cause people to throw away food that is near or just past its sell by date resulting in high levels of food waste

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17
Q

how does attitudes towards environment affect waste?

A

people who are concerned about environmental impacts of excess waste are more likely to reuse or recycle

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18
Q

unregulated

A

waste disposed in places that aren’t official disposal sites

e.g solid waste is left on street or untreated liquid water enters water courses

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19
Q

problems with unregulated waste?

A

significantly harmful to ecosystems

animals and birds cab be harmed if they swallow or get tangled in plastic

20
Q

recycling

A

waste is reprocessed into new products

21
Q

positives of recycling

A

reduces demand for raw materials

uses less energy then making from scratch so less greenhouse gases emmited

22
Q

negatives of recycling

A

requires separate collections and the construction of new facilities to process waste - contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution

23
Q

incineration

A

when waste is burnt

24
Q

positives of incineration

A

reduces amount of waste going to landfill
waste that is burnt can be used to generate electricity (energy recovery)
reduces use of fossil fuels

25
Q

negatives of incineration

A

emits greenhouse gases and causes air pollution

burning some waste can lead to toxic chemicals being released into air or water

26
Q

recovery

A

involves using waste instead of new products

e.g waste concrete can be crushed and used as a base for new roads and buildings

27
Q

positives of recovery

A

reduces amount of waste sent to landfill and means fewer natural resources are exploited

28
Q

landfill

A

waste placed in disused mines quarries or landill sites. many sites lined with clay or plastic to prevent leaching into the environment

29
Q

positives of landfill

A

some countries collect the gas off decomposing waste for energy production reducing air pollution and fossil fuel use

30
Q

negatives of landfill

A

if sites are not properly managed hazardous chemicals can contaminate groundwater
gases such as methane from decomposing waste causes air pollution

31
Q

submergence

A

disposing of waste by dumping it in oceans

is illegal but still common in some areas e.g off coast of Somalia

32
Q

problems with submergence

A

release toxic or radioactive substances damaging ocean ecosystems

33
Q

China and submergence

A

200.7 million cubic metres of waste into coastal waters in 2018

34
Q

trade

A

waste can be brought and sold by countries

developed countries may pay developing countries to take their hazardous waste

35
Q

problems with trade

A

developing countries may not dispose of hazardous waste safely meaning it can damage local environments
e.g heavy metals can pollute groundwater

36
Q

Background information of Singapore

A

island off Malaysia

almost entirely urban

37
Q

amount of waste produced in Singapore

A

increased from 1260 tonnes per day in 1970 to 8400 tonnes in 2015

38
Q

why is waste management important in Singapore?

A

land is care, not a lot of place to put rubbish

39
Q

in the 1960’s and 1970s where was most waste sent to in Singapore?

A

landfill around the city

however in the late 1970s government changed main waste disposal method to incineration with energy recovery

40
Q

when was the first incineration plant created in Singapore?

A

1979

41
Q

how many incineration plants are there in Singapore?

A

four plants across the city which provide about 3% of energy needs

42
Q

what is each incinerator built with?

A

fitted with pollution control systems to limit greenhouse gas emissions

43
Q

Singapores only landfill site

A

lined with impermeable membrane and a layer of clay to prevent leaching of chemicals
once each area of the site is full it is covered with topsoil to support vegetation

44
Q

is Singapores waste disposal effective?

A

in 2015 only 2% of waste was sent to landfill
38% was incinerated
60% recycled
only waste that can’t be recycled or burnt goes to landill

45
Q

how has Singapores waste disposal not been effective?

A

pollution control systems cannot remove all harmful emissions from incinerators
incinerators only last 10 years before they need to be replaced
current landfill site expected to be filled by around 2040

contemporary urban environments (4 decks)

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