Urban Problems, Planning and Regenerations Flashcards
Unit 2
Why may countries not have enough supply of houses
Demand exceeds supply
Sudden increase in population
Can’t sprawl
What is urban sprawl?
Spreading of urban town or city through new construction of housing and industry around the perimeter
Definition of a slum
Slums are informal settlements characterized by inadequate housing and lack of access to basic services like water, sanitation and electricity
Causes of slums
rapid population growth (due to rural-urban migration)
Limited formal housing options
Poverty (limited financial resources)
Characteristics of a slum
Informal construction
Lack of infrastructure (roads, sanitation systems, and access to clean water and electricity
Overcrowding (high density=limited space)
Implications of slums
Health risks-overcrowding, sanitation, lack of clean water
Social- Crime, drugs, violence due to lack of governance and security
Environmental- Deforestation, soil erosion, pollution
What causes urban sprawl?
Population growth-demand for more housing
Transportation infrastructure - construction of transport makes it easier to commute
land use policies - zoning regulations and land use policies may encourage the development of low-density housing in suburban area
Characteristics of urban sprawl
Low density development
Automobile dependence
Loss of agricultural land
Implications of urban sprawl
Environments impact- habitat loss, increase air and water pollution, increase energy consumption and transport
Infrastructure costs
Social impacts - social isolation, low density housing may result in ess social interaction
Implications for urban planners when planning
Needs for sustainable urban development - addressing slums therefore requires a holistic approach
Inclusive urban planning - consider need of all residence
Infrastructure development - basic services, improving living conditions
Community engagement- meet needs of community
Impact of lack of water in slums housing areas
Health -
no clean water = waterborne diseases
Contaminated water = risk of infection
Income
- spending money on clean water and not other essentials
- Time spent collecting it instead of generating and income
Impact of lack of sanaitation in slums housing areas
Health-
Increase diease risk
Inadiquate waste managment -environmental contamination and spread of disease
Income-
medical expenses
missed work days
Impact of lack of Electricity in slums housing areas
Health-
limit refrigeration of food and medicine- impact health and nutrition
Income-
hinder educational opportunities and income generating activities
How can organisations give slums the essential services
Governments and NGOs can ompliment policies to improve access to affordable services in slums
- infrastructure development
- Sustaible solutions - community participation, long term planning
Definition of solid waste management
Involves the collection, transport, disposal and recycling or reprocessing of solid waste
Challenges in developing countries for solid water management
illegal dumping = health hazard
landfill costs and environmental impacts = GHG
Street collectors - work in poor condition and face health risks
Recycling - lack of awareness and infrastructure
Challenges in developed countries for solid waste management
landfill costs and space contraints
Environmental impacts - ground water contamination, air pollution (GHG)
Recycling - reduce waste, conserve natural resources
Sustainable solutions for waste management
Waste reduction
Improve collection and segregation
Public awareness and education
Investment in infrastructure
What is formal employment?
Economic activity that are legally recognised and regulated, with workers receiving regular wages and benefits
What is informal employment?
Unregulated and often unrecognized economic activities and jobs
What are gated communities
Residential areas enclosed by walls, fences or gates with restricted access
What is industrialisation?
Growth of industries and manufacturing activities in a region
Factors that have lead to an increase in motor vehicles
Industrialisation - as industries grow the demand for transport grown and therefore leads to dvelopment in transport infrstruture
Economic development - therefore person income increases and purchesing power therefroe increase demand for veheclas for easier tranpot
Rising affluence - more people able to afford vehcles
Urbanisation - more opotininies = higher income = able to by vehcles
Traffic congestion implications
Economic development
- constrians economic growth
- increase cost of transport
- Impact of businesses as it delays deliver = less effient
-Loss of productivity
-Impact torism - deter
Human wellbeing
- Stress
- Health impacts (air pollution)
- Quality of life (limits accesablity)
-length of work day (decrease relaxation time)
Environmental impacts
- Air pollution
-GHG emision
-Noise pollution
Impacts of Urban air pollution
Long term- respotory diseases, heart disease, strokes and lung cance
Short term- asthma, repiratory infections
Elderly and children are more vunerbale
Who is WHO?
WHO is the worlds health organisation
they set guidlines for air quality based on levels of pollutents that are considered safe for human health
If it exeeds these WHO standards, it can lead to health implications
Costs and Benifits of major infracturure projects for urban transport
Benifits-
Reduce congestion
improve accesability
enviromental benifits
economic development -creates jobs
Costs
High costs
Disruption
Enviromental impacts = constriction means GHG emmisions
Habitat destruction
Some places become more exesbale where other are not
Ways to limit congestion
Congestion charging - charge for certain areas to decrease congestion
Success
-effective implimentation
-public acceptence
Pedestrianisation- Limmiting vahicls from areas to create pedestrian areas
success
-urban design
-Alertnative transport
Park and ride-Provide parking facilities on the outskirts o urban areas with easy access to public transport
succsess
- convenient access
-Affordable
No Drive days
success
- Public awarness
-Alternative transport
Road pricing -charging vehicals for road usage
Success
-fairness
-Alternate options
Importance of public housing
Affordability - for low icome families
Social cohesion - promotes social integration and reduce segregation
Urban planning- improve overall quality of life
Challenges with public housing
Stigma -negative perception
Maintenance- ageing public housing stock requires significant maintenance and renovation
financial sustainability -funding
Design and planning - poorly constructed
What is consolidation and how does it improve slum housing
Consolidation is the process by which residents and communities in informal settlements improve their living conditions over time through action and investment
it increases development and access to services by community participation
improvemnts:
- Housing upgrades
-Infrastircture development
-Social capital
Governemnt support
Challges with the porcees of consolidation to improve slum housing
Lack of legal owbershio-restricts ability to invest
access to services
Resillince to displacment
Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developing)
Improving hosuing
- upgrade projects
-increas access to clean water, sanitation and electricity
Land tenure
- securing land therefore preventing forced eviction
Services provision-essential services
- healthcare
- Education
-Water and sanitation
Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developed)
affordable housing
-subside or parnership with governemnts
-cooperative housing (residents collectibly own and manage the hosuing)
-Adapting existing housing into afforbake hosuing
Homelessness prevention -support
- Support services -cousilling, job training
-Emergency shelter
Challanges
-Funding
-Givernmemnt support - hinder effectieness
-Scale
How do you minimes social and economic problems in urban areas?
Social
- Planned cities decrease social issues such as
Overcowding,poverty, crime,
Provides well designed housing infrastructure and comunity facilies
Enviromental
- Green spaces
-efficent transport systems
- Sustainable practites
Minimise envormental issus
What is urban regeneration?
Involves the physical, social and economic improvement of an urban area, which is usually in decine
Objectives of urban regeneration
Economic-stimulate ecomonic growth and attract investment
Social- improve social cohesion, reduce poverty, and enhance the well-being of residence
Environmental- promote sustainable development , enhance green spaces and improve environmental quality
Strategies to achieve objective for urban regeneration
Physical redevelopment- Referbishing, newinfrastucture, green spaces
Social progemas-
Afforable housing, community centres
Economic-
Attracting businesses , job opportunities, supporting local entrepreneurships to simulate economic growth, reduce unemployment
Environmental- Renewable energy, waste management, green infrastructure
Challenges for urban regeneration
Funding
Community engagement
May lead to displacing local residence
Roles in urban regeneration
Planners
local government
Businesses
Residents
Planners role in urban regeneration
They design and impliment regeneration projects to improve urban areas
Role: Develop strategies, conduct research
Aim: Improve infrastructure, create sustainable environments and enhance quality of life
Conflict: Prioritise long term sustainability leading to conflicts with businesses seeking immediate profit
Local governments role in urban regeneration
Impliment policeis and provide services for residence
Role:refulae development, allocate funding, contribute to local economy
Aims:maximis economic growth, adress social issues, improve infrastructure
Confliuct: resource allication , ballancing needs of residence, buisness =es and the envroment
Buisnesses role in urban regeneration
Private sector entities invest in and operate within regenerated areas
Role:create jobs,economic growth, contirbute to local economy
Aim: maximise profit , expand market, achive buisness objective
Conflict: prioritise profit over social and evromental concerns
Residents role in urban regeneration
People living in regenerated areas
Role: dirrectly effects and contibute to local communities
Aim: improve living conditions, access toservices and community cohesion
Conflict:resist changes, fail to adress needs
Sustainable urban regeneration
Resorce consumption and energy effiency
Social equipity
-Afforbake housing
-education health care
-inclusive public space
Community identity and representation
pollution reduction
-transport
-green tequnology
-Waste managment
-Energy production
Challanges:
funding
ballancing ecnomic development with enoemntal and socail goals
Oppotunities:
more sustaible
inclusive
resilient
