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Geography > Urban Problems, Planning and Regenerations > Flashcards

Urban Problems, Planning and Regenerations Flashcards

Unit 2

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1
Q

Why may countries not have enough supply of houses

A

Demand exceeds supply

Sudden increase in population

Can’t sprawl

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2
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Spreading of urban town or city through new construction of housing and industry around the perimeter

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3
Q

Definition of a slum

A

Slums are informal settlements characterized by inadequate housing and lack of access to basic services like water, sanitation and electricity

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4
Q

Causes of slums

A

rapid population growth (due to rural-urban migration)

Limited formal housing options

Poverty (limited financial resources)

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5
Q

Characteristics of a slum

A

Informal construction

Lack of infrastructure (roads, sanitation systems, and access to clean water and electricity

Overcrowding (high density=limited space)

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6
Q

Implications of slums

A

Health risks-overcrowding, sanitation, lack of clean water

Social- Crime, drugs, violence due to lack of governance and security

Environmental- Deforestation, soil erosion, pollution

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7
Q

What causes urban sprawl?

A

Population growth-demand for more housing

Transportation infrastructure - construction of transport makes it easier to commute

land use policies - zoning regulations and land use policies may encourage the development of low-density housing in suburban area

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8
Q

Characteristics of urban sprawl

A

Low density development

Automobile dependence

Loss of agricultural land

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9
Q

Implications of urban sprawl

A

Environments impact- habitat loss, increase air and water pollution, increase energy consumption and transport

Infrastructure costs

Social impacts - social isolation, low density housing may result in ess social interaction

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10
Q

Implications for urban planners when planning

A

Needs for sustainable urban development - addressing slums therefore requires a holistic approach

Inclusive urban planning - consider need of all residence

Infrastructure development - basic services, improving living conditions

Community engagement- meet needs of community

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11
Q

Impact of lack of water in slums housing areas

A

Health -
no clean water = waterborne diseases
Contaminated water = risk of infection

Income
- spending money on clean water and not other essentials
- Time spent collecting it instead of generating and income

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12
Q

Impact of lack of sanaitation in slums housing areas

A

Health-
Increase diease risk
Inadiquate waste managment -environmental contamination and spread of disease

Income-
medical expenses
missed work days

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13
Q

Impact of lack of Electricity in slums housing areas

A

Health-
limit refrigeration of food and medicine- impact health and nutrition

Income-
hinder educational opportunities and income generating activities

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14
Q

How can organisations give slums the essential services

A

Governments and NGOs can ompliment policies to improve access to affordable services in slums

  • infrastructure development
  • Sustaible solutions - community participation, long term planning
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15
Q

Definition of solid waste management

A

Involves the collection, transport, disposal and recycling or reprocessing of solid waste

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16
Q

Challenges in developing countries for solid water management

A

illegal dumping = health hazard

landfill costs and environmental impacts = GHG

Street collectors - work in poor condition and face health risks

Recycling - lack of awareness and infrastructure

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17
Q

Challenges in developed countries for solid waste management

A

landfill costs and space contraints

Environmental impacts - ground water contamination, air pollution (GHG)

Recycling - reduce waste, conserve natural resources

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18
Q

Sustainable solutions for waste management

A

Waste reduction
Improve collection and segregation
Public awareness and education
Investment in infrastructure

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19
Q

What is formal employment?

A

Economic activity that are legally recognised and regulated, with workers receiving regular wages and benefits

20
Q

What is informal employment?

A

Unregulated and often unrecognized economic activities and jobs

21
Q

What are gated communities

A

Residential areas enclosed by walls, fences or gates with restricted access

22
Q

What is industrialisation?

A

Growth of industries and manufacturing activities in a region

23
Q

Factors that have lead to an increase in motor vehicles

A

Industrialisation - as industries grow the demand for transport grown and therefore leads to dvelopment in transport infrstruture

Economic development - therefore person income increases and purchesing power therefroe increase demand for veheclas for easier tranpot

Rising affluence - more people able to afford vehcles

Urbanisation - more opotininies = higher income = able to by vehcles

24
Q

Traffic congestion implications

A

Economic development
- constrians economic growth
- increase cost of transport
- Impact of businesses as it delays deliver = less effient
-Loss of productivity
-Impact torism - deter

Human wellbeing
- Stress
- Health impacts (air pollution)
- Quality of life (limits accesablity)
-length of work day (decrease relaxation time)

Environmental impacts
- Air pollution
-GHG emision
-Noise pollution

25
Q

Impacts of Urban air pollution

A

Long term- respotory diseases, heart disease, strokes and lung cance

Short term- asthma, repiratory infections

Elderly and children are more vunerbale

26
Q

Who is WHO?

A

WHO is the worlds health organisation

they set guidlines for air quality based on levels of pollutents that are considered safe for human health

If it exeeds these WHO standards, it can lead to health implications

27
Q

Costs and Benifits of major infracturure projects for urban transport

A

Benifits-
Reduce congestion
improve accesability
enviromental benifits
economic development -creates jobs

Costs
High costs
Disruption
Enviromental impacts = constriction means GHG emmisions
Habitat destruction
Some places become more exesbale where other are not

28
Q

Ways to limit congestion

A

Congestion charging - charge for certain areas to decrease congestion
Success
-effective implimentation
-public acceptence

Pedestrianisation- Limmiting vahicls from areas to create pedestrian areas
success
-urban design
-Alertnative transport

Park and ride-Provide parking facilities on the outskirts o urban areas with easy access to public transport
succsess
- convenient access
-Affordable

No Drive days
success
- Public awarness
-Alternative transport

Road pricing -charging vehicals for road usage
Success
-fairness
-Alternate options

29
Q

Importance of public housing

A

Affordability - for low icome families
Social cohesion - promotes social integration and reduce segregation
Urban planning- improve overall quality of life

30
Q

Challenges with public housing

A

Stigma -negative perception
Maintenance- ageing public housing stock requires significant maintenance and renovation
financial sustainability -funding
Design and planning - poorly constructed

31
Q

What is consolidation and how does it improve slum housing

A

Consolidation is the process by which residents and communities in informal settlements improve their living conditions over time through action and investment

it increases development and access to services by community participation

improvemnts:
- Housing upgrades
-Infrastircture development
-Social capital
Governemnt support

32
Q

Challges with the porcees of consolidation to improve slum housing

A

Lack of legal owbershio-restricts ability to invest

access to services

Resillince to displacment

33
Q

Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developing)

A

Improving hosuing
- upgrade projects
-increas access to clean water, sanitation and electricity

Land tenure
- securing land therefore preventing forced eviction

Services provision-essential services
- healthcare
- Education
-Water and sanitation

34
Q

Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developed)

A

affordable housing
-subside or parnership with governemnts
-cooperative housing (residents collectibly own and manage the hosuing)
-Adapting existing housing into afforbake hosuing

Homelessness prevention -support
- Support services -cousilling, job training
-Emergency shelter

Challanges
-Funding
-Givernmemnt support - hinder effectieness
-Scale

35
Q

How do you minimes social and economic problems in urban areas?

A

Social
- Planned cities decrease social issues such as
Overcowding,poverty, crime,

Provides well designed housing infrastructure and comunity facilies

Enviromental
- Green spaces
-efficent transport systems
- Sustainable practites
Minimise envormental issus

36
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

Involves the physical, social and economic improvement of an urban area, which is usually in decine

37
Q

Objectives of urban regeneration

A

Economic-stimulate ecomonic growth and attract investment

Social- improve social cohesion, reduce poverty, and enhance the well-being of residence

Environmental- promote sustainable development , enhance green spaces and improve environmental quality

38
Q

Strategies to achieve objective for urban regeneration

A

Physical redevelopment- Referbishing, newinfrastucture, green spaces
Social progemas-
Afforable housing, community centres
Economic-
Attracting businesses , job opportunities, supporting local entrepreneurships to simulate economic growth, reduce unemployment
Environmental- Renewable energy, waste management, green infrastructure

39
Q

Challenges for urban regeneration

A

Funding
Community engagement
May lead to displacing local residence

40
Q

Roles in urban regeneration

A

Planners
local government
Businesses
Residents

41
Q

Planners role in urban regeneration

A

They design and impliment regeneration projects to improve urban areas

Role: Develop strategies, conduct research

Aim: Improve infrastructure, create sustainable environments and enhance quality of life

Conflict: Prioritise long term sustainability leading to conflicts with businesses seeking immediate profit

42
Q

Local governments role in urban regeneration

A

Impliment policeis and provide services for residence

Role:refulae development, allocate funding, contribute to local economy

Aims:maximis economic growth, adress social issues, improve infrastructure

Confliuct: resource allication , ballancing needs of residence, buisness =es and the envroment

43
Q

Buisnesses role in urban regeneration

A

Private sector entities invest in and operate within regenerated areas

Role:create jobs,economic growth, contirbute to local economy

Aim: maximise profit , expand market, achive buisness objective

Conflict: prioritise profit over social and evromental concerns

44
Q

Residents role in urban regeneration

A

People living in regenerated areas

Role: dirrectly effects and contibute to local communities

Aim: improve living conditions, access toservices and community cohesion

Conflict:resist changes, fail to adress needs

45
Q

Sustainable urban regeneration

A

Resorce consumption and energy effiency

Social equipity
-Afforbake housing
-education health care
-inclusive public space

Community identity and representation

pollution reduction
-transport
-green tequnology
-Waste managment
-Energy production

Challanges:
funding
ballancing ecnomic development with enoemntal and socail goals

Oppotunities:
more sustaible
inclusive
resilient

Geography (8 decks)

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