Crowded Coasts

Question 1

What is the literal zone?

Answer 1

Area where the and meets the sea including the shoreline and the shallow water near the coast

Question 2

3 Main zones for the literal zone

Answer 2

Backshore-Area between high tide mark and the lanward limit

Nearshore-Extends from the low tide mark to where waves break at low tide

Offshore-Beyon the nearshore zone where water depth increases rapidly

Question 3

What is the dynamic zone

Answer 3

Where the land and sea interact, leading to constant changes in the coastal landscape

Question 4

How does jointing effect coastal morphology

Answer 4

Jointing-natural fractures or cracks

-influence, shape and stability
-Differential erosion can lead to stacks and stumps

Question 5

How does Dips affect coastal morphology

Answer 5

The angle at which rock layers incline from the horizontal

-can effect stability of rocks and rate of erosion
-Steep dipping = more erosion

Question 6

How does faulting effect coastal morphology

Answer 6

Displaced fracures

-Creates weak rock

Question 7

How does folding affect coastal morphology

Answer 7

The bending of rock layers due to tectonic forces

Question 8

What does coastak bedrock lithology mean

Answer 8

Refers to the type of rock that makes up the coastal cliffs or headlands

Question 9

Types of bedrock

Answer 9

Sedimentary
- formed by the depision of material at the earths surface and within bodies of water (not very resistance) E.g limestone

Igneous
-rock found near volcaones. cooled and solidifies magma or lava (resistant)

Metamorphic
-Physica/chemical changes to pre-existing rock (resistat)

Question 10

What is unconcolidated rock?

Answer 10

loose, material such as sand,gravek and clay found in coastal areas

Influence on coastal ression- increase ersion

Question 11

Erosion processes

Answer 11

hydraulic action - force of water hitting cliff face (leads to cracks and crevices

Abrasion- wearing away of the cliff face by material carried by the sea (undercutting)

Attrition- the wearing away of rocks particles as they collide with each other (forms sediment)

Corrosion - Weak acid n the sea water reacts with particular rock material, causing erosion and weakening

Question 12

Types of weathering

Answer 12

Biological- living organism ( increase pressure = breack)

Chemical- chemical reaction that alters the comparision of rocks. Changes the mineral composion of rocks, breacking them down, forming new minerals

Physical- Freeze thaw and onion skin

Question 13

Definition of mass movement

Answer 13

Large downhill movemnt of material usually from a cliff face

Question 14

Types of mass movement

Answer 14

Rockfal-rapid downhill movement of rock from a steep slope or cliff (caused by weathering)

Rotational slide - Movement of rock or soil along a curved surface (caused by saturation of soil or rock- decrease friction and stability)

Question 15

What is longshore drift

Answer 15

Movement of sediment along a coast at an angle to the shoreline, driven by waves approaching the beach at an angle

Question 16

Process of longshore drift

Answer 16

Waves approches at an angle due to prevaling winds

Waves breack, swash carries sediment up the beach at an angle

BAckwash carries sediment straight back down the beach

Affected by
-wave energy
-beach gredient
-obsticles-headlands and groynes

Question 17

What is the sediment cell cycle concept

Answer 17

Divides the coastline into distinct units or cells, each woth its own source, ransfer and sinks of sedniment

Question 18

processes and examples of the sediment cell cycle concepts

Answer 18

Source of sediemnt
- erison
-river sedement
-offshore sources

Transerfer
-long shore drift

Sinks
-Beaches
-sand dunes
-off shore deposional features

Impotance
- Effective coastal managment
-biodiversity
-erosion and depesion ballance

Question 19

What is pant succession

Answer 19

process by which plants communities change over time in a particular area

Primary- area where no soil exits
Secondary-soil is present but has now been disturbed

Question 20

How are sand dunes made

Answer 20

1) sand builds up aorund obsticle
2) Pioneer plants like mariam grass colonisebare sand
3) Marram grass has deep roots that bind the sand, reducing erosion and stablising dune
4) as amrium grass grows, it traps more sand, creating a more stable envorment for other plants to colonise
5) over time a diverse plany community develops, futher stabilising the dune

Question 21

Benefits of sand dune

Answer 21

Physical barrier

Wave dissipation - veg absorb waveenergy

perventing erosion -root syste, binds soil together

Habitat creation

Question 22

Stabilisation of salt marshes

Answer 22

Colinisation-pionner palnst like cordgrass clonises muddy areas

the plant then trap sediment, builiding up siil, raising marsh surface

Root system decreases erosion therefore increadeing marsh stability

Marsh rises =more species increasing diversity

Question 23

Enviromental benifits of salt marshes

Answer 23

Carbon sequenstatration
Water filtration
ecosystem services

Question 24

mangroves

Answer 24

Coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions consisting of salt tolorent mangrive tress

ecosystem services
- coastal protection -decrease erosion
- bioloveristy
-Carbon sequenstration

Economic oppotinities
-fisheris
-timer and non-timber product

Threats
-deforestation
-pollution
-Climate change

Question 25

Coral reefs

Answer 25

underwater calcium arbonate stirctures

Ecosystem services
-biodiversity
-fisheries
-coastal protection

Economic opotunities
-torism
-mesicine

Threats
-sea level
-overfishing
-pollution

Question 26

Global threats to coastal ecosystesms

Answer 26

Rising water temp

Sea level rise

ocean acidification (harmful to calcim carbonate sheels and disrupt =s food chain)

Question 27

land reclimation

Answer 27

Creating new land from ocean riverbeds or lakes

1) sedminent removed
2) Transporte and deposoted
3) reinforcent
4)development

Question 28

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

Answer 28

Identifying predict and evalute potential enviromental impacts of proposed poject or development

Limitations:
Focus on technical aspects
Timing
predictive nature

Question 29

Cost and benifit analysis (CBA)

Answer 29

systematic proces for calculating and comparing the beifits and costs of poject or decisions . Asses the economic vialibilty of the project

process:
Identifying cost and benifits
-monetisation
-dicounting
-comparasion

limitations
- valuation issues
-subjectivity
-incomplete analysis