Urban Issues and Challenges

Question 1

Define urbanisation.

Answer 1

the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Question 2

What are the two causes of urbanisation?

Answer 2

• Rural-Urban migration which is the movement of people from the countryside to cities
• Natural increase which is when the birth rate exceeds the death rate so as more people are born then dying the population grows.

Question 3

What are push factors?

Answer 3

• Natural hazards such as Drought and desertification can make land unproductive so people can no longer support themselves as there income relies on good harvest
• There are fewer job opportunities
• low wages

Question 4

what are pull factors?

Answer 4

• increased job opportunities that are often better paid
• access to better healthcare and educational opportunities
• following family members who have already moved there
• a better quality of life

Question 5

Describe the location of Rio De Janeiro.

Answer 5

It is located in South America and it is situated on Brazil’s Atlantic coast. It is the second largest city in Brazil.

Question 6

what are the social challenges in Rio?

Answer 6

• In 2013, it was recorded that only 55% of the population has access to health care. This exhibited in the high infant mortality rate of 21 per 1000 recorded in Cicada de Deas.
• The education in Rio is only compulsory for children aged 6-14 years old and only 50% continue beyond these ages. There is additionally a shortage of teachers and school facilities
• 12% of Rio’s population didn’t have access the clean water due to favelas lacking built in water pipes
• Frequent blackouts occurred in Rio as a result of a shortage of electricity. This would lead to favela residents illegally tapping into the mains supply to access the electricity. This is very unsafe.
• Many children who drop out from schools become involved with drug trafficking and gang violence.

Question 7

Describe Newcastle’s location.

Answer 7

Newcastle is located in the North East of England in Europe. It is situated on the northern banks of the River Tyne and lies approximately 15 miles from the coast.

Question 8

Why did the Quayside need regenerating?

Answer 8

• 1/3 of the Quayside was run down and not utilised.
• After industrial factories closed, many people lost their jobs
• House prices decreased as no one wanted to inhabit the area
• there was a lot of sewage discharge into the river Tyne from the city

Question 9

How was the Quayside regenerated?

Answer 9

• The Tyne and Wear Development Corporation invested £170 million in order for regeneration
• The TWDC grant-aided over £2 million into the restoration of 10 historic buildings along the quayside, including the Baltic Flour mill which was refurbished into into a contemporary art gallery.
• The first phase of the East Quayside scheme was the construction of office and leisure facilities
• There has been construction of new homes and a luxury hotel costing £30 million, in order to cope with the growing population of the city, with 25% of the new houses being low cost

Question 10

What were the impacts of regeneration of the Quayside?

Answer 10

• There was a growth in the tourism of the city
• There has been an increase in the investment there
• House and land values have seen an increase.

Question 11

How is Newcastle a Sustainable city?

Answer 11

Newcastle has a well-integrated transport system as the government

• introduced Boris Bikes and electric scooters to reduce the volume of car and bus traffic. This consequently reduces emissions of greenhouse gases which decreases the greenhouse effect
• They have installed a Tyne and Wear Metro which is a sustainable alternative for cars as decreases the congestion on the road and reduced pollution.
• Clean Air zones have been introduced which involves charging high-polluting vehicles a toll if they want to cross over the River Tyne
• Cycle lanes have been implemented which create a goo cycling network
• The government had employed urban greening through creating green spaces in the town centre such as Marks and Spencer’s green wall with living plants growing from it.
• Newcastle has a range of green spaces in the city such as Jesmond Dene and Town Moore. These urban greening strategies absorb carbon dioxide back out of the atmosphere resulting in cleaner air.

Question 12

Waste disposal in the UK?

Answer 12

• Every household has recycling bins which allows residents to recycle cardboard, plastics, metals and glass
• local tips in Newcastle force residents to separate out their waste whenever possible.
• in 2017 to 2018 in Newcastle 28 percent of the household waste into landfill