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GCSE Geography > Urban Issues and challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.

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2
Q

What does the rate of urbanisation differ between?

A

countries that are richer and those that are poorer

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3
Q

Explain HICs?

A
  • more economically developed
  • slow rates of urban growth - many people desiring a better quality of life so move to less crowded rural areas
  • good communication networks mean that people in HIC can move to countryside and commute to cities or work from home
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4
Q

Explain LICs?

A

Low income countries

  • many moving to cities
  • fastest rate of urbanisation in the world
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5
Q

Explain NEEs?

A
  • economic development is happening rapidly

- % of population living in urban areas varies

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6
Q

What is urbanisation caused by?

A

Rural- urban migration, natural increase, opportunities

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7
Q

Explain rural-urban migration?

A

the movement of people from the countryside to cities

- effected by push and pull factors

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8
Q

What are some push factors of rural-urban migration?

A
  • natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) can damage property which people can’t repair
  • mechanisation of agricultural equipment, fewer workers needed
  • desertification can make land unproductive so people can’t support themselves
  • conflict or war -people want to leave
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9
Q

What are some pull factors of rural-urban migration?

A
  • more jobs, higher pay
  • access to better health and education
  • to join other family members
  • people think better quality of life
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10
Q

What is natural increase?

A

when birth rate is higher then death rate

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11
Q

Social opportunities in urban areas in NEEs and LICs?

A
  • better access to services and health care

- better access to resources, clean water and electricity

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12
Q

What are some economic opportunities in LICs and NEEs?

A
  • growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development
  • as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in factories
  • industries sell goods internationally, manufactured makes more profit then unprocessed so industrialised countries become wealthier
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13
Q

How is Rio de Janerio an international city?

A
  • held the soccer World Cup in 2014
  • help the 2016 olympics
  • has a major port for exports and imports
  • has one of the severn wonders of the world
  • many manufacturing industries for clothing, chemicals, furniture
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14
Q

How is Rio de Janerio a National city?

A
  • Brazils second most important industrial centre

- brazils largest companies have their headquarters located here

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15
Q

What are Rio’s opportunity for development in health care?

A
  • In 2015, only 55% had a local family health clinic
    Favela Santa Marta:
  • steep hillside with population of 8000
  • few roads and the main means of access is cable car
  • 13km to nearest hospital
    Solution:
  • medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes
  • detected 20 different diseases and treated them
  • now infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased
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16
Q

What are rios opportunities for development in education?

A

problem:
- shortage of schools
- lack of money
- shortage of teachers
- low pay
Solution:
- encouraging local people to volunteer
- giving School grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping kids in school
- money for free volleyball, football and swimming in Rocinha favela
- opening a private university in Rocinha favela

17
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for development in Water supply?

A

Problem:
- 12% did not have access to running water
- 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
Solution:
- 7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
- over 300km of pipes laud
- end of 2014, 95% had ,mains water supply

18
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for development in energy?

A 
Problem:
- frequent blackouts
- many get electricity illegally 
Solution:
- 60km of new power lines
- new nuclear generator 
- developing new simplicity hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's supply of electricity by 30%
19
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for economic development in industrial areas?

A
  • growing economic prosperity has attracted huge companies to Brazil creating economic opportunities in the formal economy
20
Q

How is birmingham a national city?

A
  • UKs second largest city
  • 5 main universities
  • New street is the second busiest station in UK
  • Giant shopping centre
  • 31000 companies
21
Q

How is Birmingham an international City?

A
  • international airport
  • 60000 students come from around world
  • rated in top 15 cities in Europe for businesses
22
Q

What are the 6 main opportunities for development in Birmingham?

A
  • culture
  • recreation
  • entertainment
  • employment
  • integrated transport
  • urban greening
23
Q

How is culture an opportunity in Birmingham?

A
  • huge ethnic and cultural diversity
  • 60000 students internationally
  • Balti triangle is an area in Birmingham famous for curt houses
  • china town
  • many polish migrants
24
Q

How is Recreation an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A
  • bullring shopping centre has 140 shops
  • Brindly place has bars, retails, offices and entertainment
  • has a huge theatre ( Birmingham hippodrome)
  • has many sports and music venues
25
Q

How is entertainment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A
  • Birmingham hippodrome

- shows and museums

26
Q

How is employment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A
  • jobs in all sectors
  • wide employment due to variety in things
  • 31000 companies in Birmingham
27
Q

How is the integrated transport an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A
  • has an integrated transport link plan
  • have developed cycling routes
  • new train system
  • 2nd biggest station outside London
  • increased connectivity of road, rail and bus links
  • should benefit tourism and allow people to move easily through the UK
28
Q

How is urban greening an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A
  • urban green plan
  • making city more attractive
  • over 500 parks and open spaces
  • enhanced walkways
  • green roofs and walls
  • developing parks
  • encouraging walking
29
Q

What are the five regeneration programs in LOndon?

A
  • Longbridge
  • Grand Central
  • Paradise
  • Birmingham Curzon.
30
Q

Why did Longbridge need to be regenerated?

A

was major car manufacturing, increased competition aborad led to decline and it shut down. area became rundown with high unemployment

31
Q

What did the longbridge regeneration include?

A
  • 2000 new homes and 1000 new jobs
  • A technology park, including an innovation centre suited to small technology businesses.
  • A £70 million new town centre with a range of major stores.
  • Now hotels and leisure developments such as restaurants and cafes.
  • Bourneville College, a new £66 million learning facility.
  • A range of new office accommodation.
  • Residential developments for a variety of age ranges.
  • Large industrial and distribution centre buildings (warehouses) with easy access to the road network

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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