Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.
What does the rate of urbanisation differ between?
countries that are richer and those that are poorer
Explain HICs?
- more economically developed
- slow rates of urban growth - many people desiring a better quality of life so move to less crowded rural areas
- good communication networks mean that people in HIC can move to countryside and commute to cities or work from home
Explain LICs?
Low income countries
- many moving to cities
- fastest rate of urbanisation in the world
Explain NEEs?
- economic development is happening rapidly
- % of population living in urban areas varies
What is urbanisation caused by?
Rural- urban migration, natural increase, opportunities
Explain rural-urban migration?
the movement of people from the countryside to cities
- effected by push and pull factors
What are some push factors of rural-urban migration?
- natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) can damage property which people can’t repair
- mechanisation of agricultural equipment, fewer workers needed
- desertification can make land unproductive so people can’t support themselves
- conflict or war -people want to leave
What are some pull factors of rural-urban migration?
- more jobs, higher pay
- access to better health and education
- to join other family members
- people think better quality of life
What is natural increase?
when birth rate is higher then death rate
Social opportunities in urban areas in NEEs and LICs?
- better access to services and health care
- better access to resources, clean water and electricity
What are some economic opportunities in LICs and NEEs?
- growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development
- as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in factories
- industries sell goods internationally, manufactured makes more profit then unprocessed so industrialised countries become wealthier
How is Rio de Janerio an international city?
- held the soccer World Cup in 2014
- help the 2016 olympics
- has a major port for exports and imports
- has one of the severn wonders of the world
- many manufacturing industries for clothing, chemicals, furniture
How is Rio de Janerio a National city?
- Brazils second most important industrial centre
- brazils largest companies have their headquarters located here
What are Rio’s opportunity for development in health care?
- In 2015, only 55% had a local family health clinic
Favela Santa Marta: - steep hillside with population of 8000
- few roads and the main means of access is cable car
- 13km to nearest hospital
Solution: - medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes
- detected 20 different diseases and treated them
- now infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased
What are rios opportunities for development in education?
problem:
- shortage of schools
- lack of money
- shortage of teachers
- low pay
Solution:
- encouraging local people to volunteer
- giving School grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping kids in school
- money for free volleyball, football and swimming in Rocinha favela
- opening a private university in Rocinha favela
What are Rio’s opportunities for development in Water supply?
Problem:
- 12% did not have access to running water
- 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
Solution:
- 7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
- over 300km of pipes laud
- end of 2014, 95% had ,mains water supply
What are Rio’s opportunities for development in energy?
Problem: - frequent blackouts - many get electricity illegally Solution: - 60km of new power lines - new nuclear generator - developing new simplicity hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's supply of electricity by 30%
What are Rio’s opportunities for economic development in industrial areas?
- growing economic prosperity has attracted huge companies to Brazil creating economic opportunities in the formal economy
How is birmingham a national city?
- UKs second largest city
- 5 main universities
- New street is the second busiest station in UK
- Giant shopping centre
- 31000 companies
How is Birmingham an international City?
- international airport
- 60000 students come from around world
- rated in top 15 cities in Europe for businesses
What are the 6 main opportunities for development in Birmingham?
- culture
- recreation
- entertainment
- employment
- integrated transport
- urban greening
How is culture an opportunity in Birmingham?
- huge ethnic and cultural diversity
- 60000 students internationally
- Balti triangle is an area in Birmingham famous for curt houses
- china town
- many polish migrants
How is Recreation an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- bullring shopping centre has 140 shops
- Brindly place has bars, retails, offices and entertainment
- has a huge theatre ( Birmingham hippodrome)
- has many sports and music venues
