Urban Issues and challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.
What does the rate of urbanisation differ between?
countries that are richer and those that are poorer
Explain HICs?
- more economically developed
- slow rates of urban growth - many people desiring a better quality of life so move to less crowded rural areas
- good communication networks mean that people in HIC can move to countryside and commute to cities or work from home
Explain LICs?
Low income countries
- many moving to cities
- fastest rate of urbanisation in the world
Explain NEEs?
- economic development is happening rapidly
- % of population living in urban areas varies
What is urbanisation caused by?
Rural- urban migration, natural increase, opportunities
Explain rural-urban migration?
the movement of people from the countryside to cities
- effected by push and pull factors
What are some push factors of rural-urban migration?
- natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) can damage property which people can’t repair
- mechanisation of agricultural equipment, fewer workers needed
- desertification can make land unproductive so people can’t support themselves
- conflict or war -people want to leave
What are some pull factors of rural-urban migration?
- more jobs, higher pay
- access to better health and education
- to join other family members
- people think better quality of life
What is natural increase?
when birth rate is higher then death rate
Social opportunities in urban areas in NEEs and LICs?
- better access to services and health care
- better access to resources, clean water and electricity
What are some economic opportunities in LICs and NEEs?
- growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development
- as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in factories
- industries sell goods internationally, manufactured makes more profit then unprocessed so industrialised countries become wealthier
How is Rio de Janerio an international city?
- held the soccer World Cup in 2014
- help the 2016 olympics
- has a major port for exports and imports
- has one of the severn wonders of the world
- many manufacturing industries for clothing, chemicals, furniture
How is Rio de Janerio a National city?
- Brazils second most important industrial centre
- brazils largest companies have their headquarters located here
What are Rio’s opportunity for development in health care?
- In 2015, only 55% had a local family health clinic
Favela Santa Marta: - steep hillside with population of 8000
- few roads and the main means of access is cable car
- 13km to nearest hospital
Solution: - medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes
- detected 20 different diseases and treated them
- now infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased
What are rios opportunities for development in education?
problem:
- shortage of schools
- lack of money
- shortage of teachers
- low pay
Solution:
- encouraging local people to volunteer
- giving School grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping kids in school
- money for free volleyball, football and swimming in Rocinha favela
- opening a private university in Rocinha favela
What are Rio’s opportunities for development in Water supply?
Problem:
- 12% did not have access to running water
- 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
Solution:
- 7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
- over 300km of pipes laud
- end of 2014, 95% had ,mains water supply
What are Rio’s opportunities for development in energy?
Problem: - frequent blackouts - many get electricity illegally Solution: - 60km of new power lines - new nuclear generator - developing new simplicity hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's supply of electricity by 30%
What are Rio’s opportunities for economic development in industrial areas?
- growing economic prosperity has attracted huge companies to Brazil creating economic opportunities in the formal economy
How is birmingham a national city?
- UKs second largest city
- 5 main universities
- New street is the second busiest station in UK
- Giant shopping centre
- 31000 companies
How is Birmingham an international City?
- international airport
- 60000 students come from around world
- rated in top 15 cities in Europe for businesses
What are the 6 main opportunities for development in Birmingham?
- culture
- recreation
- entertainment
- employment
- integrated transport
- urban greening
How is culture an opportunity in Birmingham?
- huge ethnic and cultural diversity
- 60000 students internationally
- Balti triangle is an area in Birmingham famous for curt houses
- china town
- many polish migrants
How is Recreation an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- bullring shopping centre has 140 shops
- Brindly place has bars, retails, offices and entertainment
- has a huge theatre ( Birmingham hippodrome)
- has many sports and music venues
How is entertainment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- Birmingham hippodrome
- shows and museums
How is employment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- jobs in all sectors
- wide employment due to variety in things
- 31000 companies in Birmingham
How is the integrated transport an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- has an integrated transport link plan
- have developed cycling routes
- new train system
- 2nd biggest station outside London
- increased connectivity of road, rail and bus links
- should benefit tourism and allow people to move easily through the UK
How is urban greening an opportunity for development in Birmingham?
- urban green plan
- making city more attractive
- over 500 parks and open spaces
- enhanced walkways
- green roofs and walls
- developing parks
- encouraging walking
What are the five regeneration programs in LOndon?
- Longbridge
- Grand Central
- Paradise
- Birmingham Curzon.
Why did Longbridge need to be regenerated?
was major car manufacturing, increased competition aborad led to decline and it shut down. area became rundown with high unemployment
What did the longbridge regeneration include?
- 2000 new homes and 1000 new jobs
- A technology park, including an innovation centre suited to small technology businesses.
- A £70 million new town centre with a range of major stores.
- Now hotels and leisure developments such as restaurants and cafes.
- Bourneville College, a new £66 million learning facility.
- A range of new office accommodation.
- Residential developments for a variety of age ranges.
- Large industrial and distribution centre buildings (warehouses) with easy access to the road network
