Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
Rio and Bristol
define urbanisation
the growth of the proportion of people living in urban areas
what are the 2 main causes of urbanisation
rural-urban migration
natural increase
define natural increase
birth rate is higher than the death rate
define rural
lack of infrastructure (countryside)
define urban
built up (town/city)
define megacity
a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people
what are the top 3 megacities
-Tokyo, Japan
-Delhi, India
-Shanghai, China
Where are the majority of the megacities located?
Asia and LICs
Where are the least of the megacities located?
Austrilasia
What are the 4 factors that have lead to urbanisation in megacities?
-Migration
-Location
-Economic development
-Natural increase
Where is Rio de Janeiro located?
In Brazil on the east coast. Surrounded by south Atlantic ocean. It neighbours Sao Paulo. It sits above the tropic of capricorn.
What are the 6 social opportunities in Rio?
-Education
-Urban growth
-Water
-Energy
-Healthcare
-Employment + industry
why does education create social opportunities in Rio?
-25% do not go to school
-literacy rate is low
-6 major uni
why does water create social opportunities in Rio?
-95% has access to clean water which means better sanity
why does Energy create social opportunities in Rio?
-99% has access to Hydro electric power.
why does healthcare create social opportunities in Rio?
-improved compared to Brazil
-under half of the hospitals are public
-infant mortality rates are low
why does Employment + industry create social opportunities in Rio?
-many jobs available as it is an industrial centre
Why has Rio grown economically?
-high levels of income per person
-growing population = large labour supply
-oil has been discovered offshore
-high tourist attraction
What are the 4 challenges Rio faces?
-Healthcare
-Water supply
-Education
-Energy
What does healthcare create challenges in Rio?
-half have a local clinic
-access is bad for women and elderly
-lack of money due to government
-favelas are inaccessible
What does water supply create challenges in Rio?
-finance needs improving
-12% no water
-faced drought over 80y
-90% water contains viruses
What does education create challenges in Rio?
-half continue skl at 14
-school enrolment is low
-favelas too violet
What does energy create challenges in Rio?
-majority uses Hydro electic power so not in use in droughts
-most get it illegally
-frequent blackouts
define informal economy
the jobs that are not secure and people are paid poorly. These have no unemployment benefit.
define formal economy
jobs that are secure and people are well paid. People get taxed
What does boosting the economy do in Rio?
attracts large companies to Rio from other parts of Brazil. Also new roads, transport, services and improved envrionment.
How does the schools of tomorrow programme create economic opportunities in Rio?
-Improving peoples education in favelas
-people will then be able to jet jobs.
what can be solved by pacifying police units in Rio?
Murder, kidnapping, carjacking
What are the 3 main environmental challenges in Rio?
-Traffic congestion
-Water pollution
-Waste pollution
What does traffic congestion create environmental challenges in Rio?
-it increases stress and pollution levels
-steep mountains=roads can only be on coastal lowland
-high crime rate=people prefer by car
Why does water pollution create environmental challenges in Rio?
-many of the rivers in the bay are polluted
-polluted by run off from open sewers in the favelas
-over 200 tones of raw sewage each day.
-oil spills from the Petrobras oil refinery
-ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay
Why does waste pollution create environmental challenges in Rio?
-many favelas are on steeps so waste collection can’t access
-the waste is dumped in the water.
-causes diseases (cholera and encourages rats)
What is the solution to traffic congestion in Rio?
-expanding the metro system in Guanabara Bay
-new toll roads into the city centre
-coast roads are one-way during rush hour
What is the solution to Water pollution in Rio?
-overseas aid reduced the sewage into bay
-12 sewage works built since 2004
-ships fined to discharging fuel into the bay illegally
-5km sewage pipes installed around badly polluted areas
What is the solution to waste pollution in Rio?
-power plant near the University of Rio using methane gas
define favelas
they are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land that they did not own. They are areas of great social deprivation
where are favelas located in Rio?
100 altogether
-60% suburbs
-25% outer parts of city
-being built to 40km from the city centre
what are the 5 challenges in favelas
-construction
-unemployment
-crime
-services
-health
why is construction a challenge in favelas?
-basic materials(iron, broken bricks, plastic sheets)
-built on steep slopes. heavy rainfall causes landslides
-limited road access due to the slopes
why is unemployment a challenge in favelas?
-rates are 20%
-many poorly paid
-irregular jobs
-informal sector
-average income is less than £75 a month
why is crime a challenge in favelas?
-high murder rate 20 per 1000
-drug gangs dominate
-inhabitants distrust police due to violence and corruption
why is services a challenge in favelas?
-12% no running water
-30% no electricity
-50% no sewage collection
-many use illegal connection to electricity
-sewers are open drains
-drinking water is obtained(tapped into a city water main)
why is health a challenge in favelas?
-infant mortality rates are high 50 per 1000
-waste not disposed(diseases)
-burinig rubbish set fire to wooden houses
-smoke is harmful to health
how is the government tying to improve conditions in favelas in Rio?
-pacification
-start to collect rubbish off of the streets
what is pacification in favelas in rio/
-chasing out the trafficers
-police, troops
-lots of gunfire and death
-not peaceful
what impact did preparations for the 2014 world cup have on Rio’s favelas?
-government took charge on the traffickers
-people have to pay for services
-government brock down many houses
-they spend lots of money on infrastructure no health or education
define population distribution
where people live
what is the population density in the uk
uneven
what factors have affected the distribution of the UK population
-general drift towards south east
where is Bristol located?
In the south west of England, situated on the River Avon, near its confluence with the River Severn. It is linked to London by the M4.
What is the tourism in Bristol?
-7th most popular city
-Brunel’s ships is a tourist attraction
What is the culture and entertainment in Bristol?
-several theatres and music venues
-Bristoll Old Vic Theatre
What is the religion in Bristol?
-a mix
-mosques and synagogues
-Christianity (2 cathedrals)
What is the industry in Bristol?
-largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture besides China
What is education in Bristol?
2 unis
define national migration
movement of people inside a country
define international migration
movement of people into a country from another
what does national and international migration impact on the UK
the distribution and age structure of the UK’s population
Why do most international migrants to the UK are young people move to London and the West Midlands
they are looking for good education and better job opportunities
Why have young migrants caused an increase in the UK’s birth rate
they are at a child bearing age and will start having familiesq
Why is counter-urbanisation of wealthy people happening
people can afford more land outside the city and therefore get bigger houses
What 7 impacts have migrants had in Bristol?
-Part of a hard-working and motivated workforce
-enriching the cities cultural life
-challenge of integration into the wider community
-the mainly young migrants help to balance the aging population
-pressures on housing and employment
-contributing to both the local and national economy
-improving the level of skills, where there are shortages
How had Bristol’s youthful population influenced its cultural opportunities?
-vibrant underground music scene
-range of nightclubs and bars
-The Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names
Why are sports developments in Bristol providing more than just new sports facilities
-Teams (City and Rovers)
-stadiums have a range of leisure and conference facilities and accommodation
-attract a wider audience to the stadium
-more money to the economy
What impact has the out-of-town retail parks at Cribbs Causeway had on shopping in the city centre?
-reduced crime
-improved the environment
-attract employment
-promoted tourism
-CCTV improve safety
What two ways has Cabot Circus and Bristol’s harbourside created new economic opportunities?
Cabot Circus:
-shops and leisure facilities
-2/3 floor space
-offices, cinema, hotel, 250 apartments
Harbourside:
-Old workshops and warehouses to bars and nightclubs
-art gallery, media and arts centre, museum,
How has the closure of Bristol’s city centre port led to economic opportunities in new industries?
-trading
-local industries can sell products such as Cigarettes (tabacco is imported from West Indies)
-empty warehouses to flats and new industries
Why have high-tech industries been attracted to Bristol?
-government
-grant £100 million to be a Super-Connected City
-close links to the city council and the university
-advanced research
-educated and skilled workforce
How have housing developments such as Bradley Stoke contributed to urban change in Bristol?
-giving unemployed people housing
-relieves the housing pressure off of those individuals
What 6 thigs are reasons as to why Bristol is changing?
-population is growing rapidly
-population becoming ethically diverse
-more under 16 than of a pensionable age
-electrification of rail line to London reduce journey time
-over 2 million live within 50km of city
-network of motorway, road, rail, air connections makes it accessible
How does improving sports facilities benefit people?
-good for mental health and wellbeing
-accommodation as well
How does improving sports facilities benefit the economy?
-games held lots of income is made from people buying tickets
How does improving shopping facilities benefit people?
-reduce crime rates s safe
-also accommodation
How does improving shopping facilities benefit the economy?
-spending in the Central Business District, increasing the economy and allowing more money to go into Bristol’s development
How does improving the harbourside facilities benefit people?
-large social space
-improve the overall wellbeing of the population as it is a young one
How does improving harbourside facilities benefit the economy?
-businesses creates lots of jobs
-more people get taxed on creating more money in the economy
How does improving entertainment facilities benefit people?
-people can socialise
-benefit peoples mental health
How does improving entertainment facilities benefit the economy?
-people will spend their money locally
-businesses will put that money to the government in the form of tax
define the quaternary sector
-research + development, consultancy, ICT
define the integrated transport system
connects different methods of transport to make journeys smoother
define urban greening
increasing the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city
What benefits does urban greening bring
-improve air quality + water quality
-less pollution is better for health
-safe environment for people to socialise
What challenges has change created in Bristol
-health
-better places
-housing, jobs, regeneration
-equality
-reliable jobs
-sustainable growth
What are the different parts of the city?
BURGESS MODEL
-CBD
-Inner city
-suburbs
-rural-urban fringe
define brown-field sites
old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development
define green belt
a ring of land around a town or city, like parks, agricultural land or other types of open space to limit urban sprawl. It is very protected
define urban sprawl
the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
How has pollution become a challenge in Bristol due to Urban change?
-bristol is the most congested city and main bus routes are often polluted
-300 people die due to it
What steps are Bristol taking to improve the air quality
-reducing speed limits on motorways and residential areas.
-a smartphone app with information about public transport
what positives will new housing bring in Bristol
-affordable
-economic and social
what negatives will housing bring in Bristol
-built on green-field and
-puts pressure on services (schools, railways, hospitals)
How has Bristol reduced its household waste
-reducing what is sent to landfill
-teach pupils about recycling
-increasing waste recycling to 50%
-technology improvements to recycling
-kerbside collectionss for different waste
-higher targets with contracters who handle it
what 5 opportunities does urban regeneration bring
-journey time is shorter
-jobs are created
-peoples well-being improves
-more transport and walkways so less congestion
-parks create better air quality
What 4 challenges does urban regeneration bring
-takes a long time to do
-lots of money
-very difficult to please everyone
-trying to make everything truly sistainable
Why does the location of The Temple Quarters in Bristol make it an important area to regenerate?
-people do not like the way it looks
-bad impression on visitors
-first place seen when coming from the train at Temple Meads
-brown-field site, so it was not in use
define sustainability
living in a way that lets people meet their needs without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future
What 5 ways the Bristol made to live sustainable
-integrated transport system
-Urban greening
-Improving waste management
-Traffic management schemes
-Regenerating Brown-field sites
What are 3 ways of urban sustainability
-water conservation
-energy conservation
-waste recycling
what is water conservation
It involves conserving and recycling water rather than relying on new supplies from reserviours or underground aquifers.
What are some positives of water conservation
-green space are created (due to ‘rain gardens’)
-more water is there as people are using water sparingly
-water is being reused so it is better for the environment
what are some negatives of water conservation
-can be expensive to install
-can be harder to achieve (can cause floods)
-can take a long time
what is energy conservation
