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Geography GCSE > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

Rio and Bristol

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1
Q

define urbanisation

A

the growth of the proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

what are the 2 main causes of urbanisation

A

rural-urban migration
natural increase

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3
Q

define natural increase

A

birth rate is higher than the death rate

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4
Q

define rural

A

lack of infrastructure (countryside)

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5
Q

define urban

A

built up (town/city)

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6
Q

define megacity

A

a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people

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7
Q

what are the top 3 megacities

A

-Tokyo, Japan
-Delhi, India
-Shanghai, China

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8
Q

Where are the majority of the megacities located?

A

Asia and LICs

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9
Q

Where are the least of the megacities located?

A

Austrilasia

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10
Q

What are the 4 factors that have lead to urbanisation in megacities?

A

-Migration
-Location
-Economic development
-Natural increase

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11
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro located?

A

In Brazil on the east coast. Surrounded by south Atlantic ocean. It neighbours Sao Paulo. It sits above the tropic of capricorn.

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12
Q

What are the 6 social opportunities in Rio?

A

-Education
-Urban growth
-Water
-Energy
-Healthcare
-Employment + industry

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13
Q

why does education create social opportunities in Rio?

A

-25% do not go to school
-literacy rate is low
-6 major uni

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14
Q

why does water create social opportunities in Rio?

A

-95% has access to clean water which means better sanity

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15
Q

why does Energy create social opportunities in Rio?

A

-99% has access to Hydro electric power.

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16
Q

why does healthcare create social opportunities in Rio?

A

-improved compared to Brazil
-under half of the hospitals are public
-infant mortality rates are low

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17
Q

why does Employment + industry create social opportunities in Rio?

A

-many jobs available as it is an industrial centre

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18
Q

Why has Rio grown economically?

A

-high levels of income per person
-growing population = large labour supply
-oil has been discovered offshore
-high tourist attraction

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19
Q

What are the 4 challenges Rio faces?

A

-Healthcare
-Water supply
-Education
-Energy

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20
Q

What does healthcare create challenges in Rio?

A

-half have a local clinic
-access is bad for women and elderly
-lack of money due to government
-favelas are inaccessible

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21
Q

What does water supply create challenges in Rio?

A

-finance needs improving
-12% no water
-faced drought over 80y
-90% water contains viruses

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22
Q

What does education create challenges in Rio?

A

-half continue skl at 14
-school enrolment is low
-favelas too violet

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23
Q

What does energy create challenges in Rio?

A

-majority uses Hydro electic power so not in use in droughts
-most get it illegally
-frequent blackouts

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24
Q

define informal economy

A

the jobs that are not secure and people are paid poorly. These have no unemployment benefit.

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25
Q

define formal economy

A

jobs that are secure and people are well paid. People get taxed

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26
Q

What does boosting the economy do in Rio?

A

attracts large companies to Rio from other parts of Brazil. Also new roads, transport, services and improved envrionment.

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27
Q

How does the schools of tomorrow programme create economic opportunities in Rio?

A

-Improving peoples education in favelas
-people will then be able to jet jobs.

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28
Q

what can be solved by pacifying police units in Rio?

A

Murder, kidnapping, carjacking

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29
Q

What are the 3 main environmental challenges in Rio?

A

-Traffic congestion
-Water pollution
-Waste pollution

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30
Q

What does traffic congestion create environmental challenges in Rio?

A

-it increases stress and pollution levels
-steep mountains=roads can only be on coastal lowland
-high crime rate=people prefer by car

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31
Q

Why does water pollution create environmental challenges in Rio?

A

-many of the rivers in the bay are polluted
-polluted by run off from open sewers in the favelas
-over 200 tones of raw sewage each day.
-oil spills from the Petrobras oil refinery
-ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay

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32
Q

Why does waste pollution create environmental challenges in Rio?

A

-many favelas are on steeps so waste collection can’t access
-the waste is dumped in the water.
-causes diseases (cholera and encourages rats)

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33
Q

What is the solution to traffic congestion in Rio?

A

-expanding the metro system in Guanabara Bay
-new toll roads into the city centre
-coast roads are one-way during rush hour

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34
Q

What is the solution to Water pollution in Rio?

A

-overseas aid reduced the sewage into bay
-12 sewage works built since 2004
-ships fined to discharging fuel into the bay illegally
-5km sewage pipes installed around badly polluted areas

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35
Q

What is the solution to waste pollution in Rio?

A

-power plant near the University of Rio using methane gas

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36
Q

define favelas

A

they are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land that they did not own. They are areas of great social deprivation

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37
Q

where are favelas located in Rio?

A

100 altogether
-60% suburbs
-25% outer parts of city
-being built to 40km from the city centre

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38
Q

what are the 5 challenges in favelas

A

-construction
-unemployment
-crime
-services
-health

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39
Q

why is construction a challenge in favelas?

A

-basic materials(iron, broken bricks, plastic sheets)
-built on steep slopes. heavy rainfall causes landslides
-limited road access due to the slopes

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40
Q

why is unemployment a challenge in favelas?

A

-rates are 20%
-many poorly paid
-irregular jobs
-informal sector
-average income is less than £75 a month

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41
Q

why is crime a challenge in favelas?

A

-high murder rate 20 per 1000
-drug gangs dominate
-inhabitants distrust police due to violence and corruption

42
Q

why is services a challenge in favelas?

A

-12% no running water
-30% no electricity
-50% no sewage collection
-many use illegal connection to electricity
-sewers are open drains
-drinking water is obtained(tapped into a city water main)

43
Q

why is health a challenge in favelas?

A

-infant mortality rates are high 50 per 1000
-waste not disposed(diseases)
-burinig rubbish set fire to wooden houses
-smoke is harmful to health

44
Q

how is the government tying to improve conditions in favelas in Rio?

A

-pacification
-start to collect rubbish off of the streets

45
Q

what is pacification in favelas in rio/

A

-chasing out the trafficers
-police, troops
-lots of gunfire and death
-not peaceful

46
Q

what impact did preparations for the 2014 world cup have on Rio’s favelas?

A

-government took charge on the traffickers
-people have to pay for services
-government brock down many houses
-they spend lots of money on infrastructure no health or education

47
Q

define population distribution

A

where people live

48
Q

what is the population density in the uk

A

uneven

49
Q

what factors have affected the distribution of the UK population

A

-general drift towards south east

50
Q

where is Bristol located?

A

In the south west of England, situated on the River Avon, near its confluence with the River Severn. It is linked to London by the M4.

51
Q

What is the tourism in Bristol?

A

-7th most popular city
-Brunel’s ships is a tourist attraction

52
Q

What is the culture and entertainment in Bristol?

A

-several theatres and music venues
-Bristoll Old Vic Theatre

53
Q

What is the religion in Bristol?

A

-a mix
-mosques and synagogues
-Christianity (2 cathedrals)

54
Q

What is the industry in Bristol?

A

-largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture besides China

55
Q

What is education in Bristol?

A

2 unis

56
Q

define national migration

A

movement of people inside a country

57
Q

define international migration

A

movement of people into a country from another

58
Q

what does national and international migration impact on the UK

A

the distribution and age structure of the UK’s population

59
Q

Why do most international migrants to the UK are young people move to London and the West Midlands

A

they are looking for good education and better job opportunities

60
Q

Why have young migrants caused an increase in the UK’s birth rate

A

they are at a child bearing age and will start having familiesq

61
Q

Why is counter-urbanisation of wealthy people happening

A

people can afford more land outside the city and therefore get bigger houses

62
Q

What 7 impacts have migrants had in Bristol?

A

-Part of a hard-working and motivated workforce
-enriching the cities cultural life
-challenge of integration into the wider community
-the mainly young migrants help to balance the aging population
-pressures on housing and employment
-contributing to both the local and national economy
-improving the level of skills, where there are shortages

63
Q

How had Bristol’s youthful population influenced its cultural opportunities?

A

-vibrant underground music scene
-range of nightclubs and bars
-The Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names

64
Q

Why are sports developments in Bristol providing more than just new sports facilities

A

-Teams (City and Rovers)
-stadiums have a range of leisure and conference facilities and accommodation
-attract a wider audience to the stadium
-more money to the economy

65
Q

What impact has the out-of-town retail parks at Cribbs Causeway had on shopping in the city centre?

A

-reduced crime
-improved the environment
-attract employment
-promoted tourism
-CCTV improve safety

66
Q

What two ways has Cabot Circus and Bristol’s harbourside created new economic opportunities?

A

Cabot Circus:
-shops and leisure facilities
-2/3 floor space
-offices, cinema, hotel, 250 apartments
Harbourside:
-Old workshops and warehouses to bars and nightclubs
-art gallery, media and arts centre, museum,

67
Q

How has the closure of Bristol’s city centre port led to economic opportunities in new industries?

A

-trading
-local industries can sell products such as Cigarettes (tabacco is imported from West Indies)
-empty warehouses to flats and new industries

68
Q

Why have high-tech industries been attracted to Bristol?

A

-government
-grant £100 million to be a Super-Connected City
-close links to the city council and the university
-advanced research
-educated and skilled workforce

69
Q

How have housing developments such as Bradley Stoke contributed to urban change in Bristol?

A

-giving unemployed people housing
-relieves the housing pressure off of those individuals

70
Q

What 6 thigs are reasons as to why Bristol is changing?

A

-population is growing rapidly
-population becoming ethically diverse
-more under 16 than of a pensionable age
-electrification of rail line to London reduce journey time
-over 2 million live within 50km of city
-network of motorway, road, rail, air connections makes it accessible

71
Q

How does improving sports facilities benefit people?

A

-good for mental health and wellbeing
-accommodation as well

72
Q

How does improving sports facilities benefit the economy?

A

-games held lots of income is made from people buying tickets

73
Q

How does improving shopping facilities benefit people?

A

-reduce crime rates s safe
-also accommodation

74
Q

How does improving shopping facilities benefit the economy?

A

-spending in the Central Business District, increasing the economy and allowing more money to go into Bristol’s development

75
Q

How does improving the harbourside facilities benefit people?

A

-large social space
-improve the overall wellbeing of the population as it is a young one

76
Q

How does improving harbourside facilities benefit the economy?

A

-businesses creates lots of jobs
-more people get taxed on creating more money in the economy

77
Q

How does improving entertainment facilities benefit people?

A

-people can socialise
-benefit peoples mental health

78
Q

How does improving entertainment facilities benefit the economy?

A

-people will spend their money locally
-businesses will put that money to the government in the form of tax

79
Q

define the quaternary sector

A

-research + development, consultancy, ICT

80
Q

define the integrated transport system

A

connects different methods of transport to make journeys smoother

81
Q

define urban greening

A

increasing the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city

82
Q

What benefits does urban greening bring

A

-improve air quality + water quality
-less pollution is better for health
-safe environment for people to socialise

83
Q

What challenges has change created in Bristol

A

-health
-better places
-housing, jobs, regeneration
-equality
-reliable jobs
-sustainable growth

84
Q

What are the different parts of the city?

BURGESS MODEL

A

-CBD
-Inner city
-suburbs
-rural-urban fringe

85
Q

define brown-field sites

A

old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development

86
Q

define green belt

A

a ring of land around a town or city, like parks, agricultural land or other types of open space to limit urban sprawl. It is very protected

87
Q

define urban sprawl

A

the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

88
Q

How has pollution become a challenge in Bristol due to Urban change?

A

-bristol is the most congested city and main bus routes are often polluted
-300 people die due to it

89
Q

What steps are Bristol taking to improve the air quality

A

-reducing speed limits on motorways and residential areas.
-a smartphone app with information about public transport

90
Q

what positives will new housing bring in Bristol

A

-affordable
-economic and social

91
Q

what negatives will housing bring in Bristol

A

-built on green-field and
-puts pressure on services (schools, railways, hospitals)

92
Q

How has Bristol reduced its household waste

A

-reducing what is sent to landfill
-teach pupils about recycling
-increasing waste recycling to 50%
-technology improvements to recycling
-kerbside collectionss for different waste
-higher targets with contracters who handle it

93
Q

what 5 opportunities does urban regeneration bring

A

-journey time is shorter
-jobs are created
-peoples well-being improves
-more transport and walkways so less congestion
-parks create better air quality

94
Q

What 4 challenges does urban regeneration bring

A

-takes a long time to do
-lots of money
-very difficult to please everyone
-trying to make everything truly sistainable

95
Q

Why does the location of The Temple Quarters in Bristol make it an important area to regenerate?

A

-people do not like the way it looks
-bad impression on visitors
-first place seen when coming from the train at Temple Meads
-brown-field site, so it was not in use

96
Q

define sustainability

A

living in a way that lets people meet their needs without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future

97
Q

What 5 ways the Bristol made to live sustainable

A

-integrated transport system
-Urban greening
-Improving waste management
-Traffic management schemes
-Regenerating Brown-field sites

98
Q

What are 3 ways of urban sustainability

A

-water conservation
-energy conservation
-waste recycling

99
Q

what is water conservation

A

It involves conserving and recycling water rather than relying on new supplies from reserviours or underground aquifers.

100
Q

What are some positives of water conservation

A

-green space are created (due to ‘rain gardens’)
-more water is there as people are using water sparingly
-water is being reused so it is better for the environment

101
Q

what are some negatives of water conservation

A

-can be expensive to install
-can be harder to achieve (can cause floods)
-can take a long time

102
Q

what is energy conservation

A

Geography GCSE (3 decks)

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