Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities.
Where is urbanisation happening?
Urbanisation is highest in HICs but in LICs rates are much faster.
What is rural to urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to towns and city areas
What is natural increase?
When birth rate is greater than the death rate
What are push factors?
Factors that encourage people to move away from a place.
- natural disasters
-war
-lack of jobs
What are pull factors?
Factors that encourage people to move to a place.
-jobs
-education
-healthcare
-family
What is a mega city?
Urban area with a population over 10 million
Location of Mumbai:
Mumbai is located on the west coast of India on the Arabian sea.
An important trade route
Importance of Mumbai:
-Indian stock exchange
-population of 21 million people
-regional HQ of important TNCs such as disney and volkswagen
Social opportunities in Mumbai:
-Access to education (literacy rates are 86%)
-Employment is 85% within slums
Economic opportunities in Mumbai:
The TNCs and other businesses such as telecommunications and call
centres mean there is a range of high sk low skilled employment opportunities. T incomes are reliable. Within the slum 15 informal businesses create over $1 billion
Environmental opportunities in Mumbai:
Whilst rapid urban growth has created environmental challenges the city is trying improve air quality by improving public transport and vision Mumbai.
Social challenges in Mumbai:
Dharavi slum
-1 million people within 1 mile2
-water pipe shared between 10 families only on 2 HOURS A DAY
-500 people share one toilet
-4000 cases of waterborne diseases per day (typhoid,cholera)
Economic challenges in Mumbai:
-35000 ragpickers
-organised crime
-pickpocketing
Environmental challenges in Mumbai:
-7500 tonnes of waste every day
-Dirty air, harmful to human health
Traffic congestion issues in Mumbai:
-Air pollution
-late for work
-longer business deliveries
-overcrowded trains, 15 people die every day
Improving quality of life in Mumbai:
Vision Mumbai
-Government led redevelopment project
developers will provide the people living there who can prove residency since 2000 - a new, 300 sq ft house for free.
Toilets, sanitation and electricity improvements to Dharavi
-6,952 toilets serving more than 350,000 people have been built in Mumbai
-Reliance infrastructure, the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA), and other partners have launched a project to provide improved
Positive multiplier effect for Mumbai:
Positive Multiplier Effect for Mumbai
1. Mumbai was originally a port in the 1800s which caused the growth of the textile industry
2. The textile industry employed 20,000 workers in Mumbai.
3. The workers received an income
4. The government used taxes from income to improve infrastructure, schools and hospitals and other services.
5. Mumbai became a more attractive place to live
6. TNCs such as Disney/VW and the Bollywood film industry set up HQ.
7.Workers immigrate
8.People spend money the cycle starts again
What the distribution for the Uk population ?
The UK’s population is unevenly distributed. Some parts have a HIGH POPULATION DENSITY such as the SOUTH EAST, whereas some have aLOW POPULATION DENSITY such as the NORTH WEST OF SCOTLAND The location of most UK cities is linked to the availability of natural resources (particularly coal), or near to the coast for imports, and the subsequent location of industry during the industrial revolution.
London: migration and growth
London is the UK capital and is located in the SE. It has a population of 8 million inhabitants (likely to rise to 10million by 2030.
It has 5 international airports, rail links to Europe through HS1 and Eurotunnel.
The majority are national migrants between 18 and 35 who attend university or work.
300 languages spoken.
security guards and cleaners but many work for TNCs or in the NHS as doctors, dentists and nurses.
45% is white British and the other 55% is other ethnicities such as Asian and Eastern European.
London opportunities:
-employment
-cultural mix
-easy travel
-london is one of the greenest cities in the world with 46% green space
Sustainable urban living in London:
.
Water conservation - reducing the amount of water used. Example - Rainwater harvesting provides water for gardens and for flushing toilets.
Energy Conservation - Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change. Example - Making homes and appliances more energy efficient.
Urban Greening - Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there.
• 47% of London is open green space. This includes parks such as Hyde and Regent’s Park.
• 8.1 million trees in London
• Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in.
• Encourages people to exercise.
• Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.
Waste recycling - More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill. This reduces waste gases (methane) and contamination of water sources.
Migration positive and negative impacts:
-cultural diversity
-balances out the aging population
-pressure on housing rise costs
London challenges
Urban deprivation:
Newham
average. Unemployment is 9.4% as opposed to 4% in the UK.
Pupils achieving 5A*C is 62% as opposed 80%.
The government has tried to ease these by regeneration projects like Docklands but they haven’t always met the needs of local people.
There is a lack of affordable housing
Environmental Challenges:
Waste disposal and pollution There is a high level of air pollution with 4000 premature deaths as it frequently rises above the EU limit.
The government is trying to improve this with electric buses and taxis, the low emission zone
Greenbelt-
This is a zone of land (surrounding in the UK) where new building is strictly controlled to prevent cities growing too much and too fast. developments are now being allowed on greenbelt Is controversial.
Brownfield site -
Abandoned buildings and was land that has previously been built on, is now c and awaiting some new use. Commonly found urban areas and inner cities
What is meant by urban sprawl?
the expansion of towns or cities into rural or previously undeveloped land
What’s the issue with urban sprawl?
More houses are needed due to a rising population. It is better for the environment to build on brownfield sites as you are not removing trees and vegetation. It is closer to existing roads and infrastructure. However, it is costly to decontaminate the land so companies prefer greenfield sites as the land is cheaper so that is why they are building on the rural urban fringe Rural Urban Fringe
A zone of transition between built up areas and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It often has mixed land uses such as golf courses and shopping centres.
Urban regeneration projects:
London Olympic Park
WHY?
Newham was one of the most deprived areas of London
Hight crime
6.7% unemployment
Low GCSEs 51%
SOCIAL: The athletes village has been relaunched as a housing estate
ECONOMIC: The new Stratford tube helped connect the area. Higher income. Jobs provided
ENVIRONMENTAL: Grounds in the Olympic Park have been kept as parkland. Water quality improved in the River Lea. Wildlife habitats were created, stadiums made of at least 25% recycled materials.
Sustainable urban living:
BedZED:
-multi bins
-duel flush toilets
-smaller baths
-solar panels 777 square meters
-usable bikes
-materials sourced within 35 miles
Urban transport strategies:
Integrated Transport System
This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area e.g. bus timetables coincide with train arrivals and departures. Trams lines associated with peak flow from park and ride locations.
Vision Mumbai:
Under the government-led Dharavi
Redevelopment Project, developers will provide the people living there - who can prove residency since 2000 - a new, 300 sq ft house for free. The plan has created a storm of controversary.
Toilets, sanitation and electricity improvements to Dharavi
Since 1993, 366 toilets blocks with 6,952 toilets serving more than 350,000 people have been built in Mumbai, thanks to the federation of slum and pavement dwellers.
Providing Electricity
Reliance infrastructure, the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA), and other partners have launched a project to provide improved access to safe electricity supply to around 104,000
Indian slum dwellers.
positive multiplayer effect for Mumbai:
- Mumbai was originally a port in the 1800’s which caused the growth of the textile industry
- The textile industry employed 20,000 workers in Mumbal.
- The workers received an income
- The government used taxes from income to improve infrastructure, schools and hospitals and other services.
- Mumbai became a more attractive place to live
- TNCs such as Disney/VW and the Bollywood
film industry set up HQ. - Workers immigrate
- People/workers spend money in local economy which starts the cycle again
- The government uses taxes to improve infrastructure, roads, railways, airports, ports and superfast broadband
migration definition:
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be within or between countryies) and be permanent or temporary.
integrated transport system:
This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area e.g. bus timetables coincide with train arrivals and departures. Trams lines associated with peak flow from park and ride locations.
