Changing economic world Flashcards

Question

Debt Relief: Example:

Answer 1

Debt Relief: HIC's will work with the World Bank to cancel LIC's debts to other countries and banks. Example: In 2006, the world's richest countries (known as the G8) agreed to cancel the debts of many of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC's).

Answer 2

Microfinance loans: These are small loans ($100) and for low income people start a small business, such as mending clothes. Example: The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh was set up in 1976. The bank was founded to help people, especially women, use skills to develop small businesses, like a mobile phone business.

Answer 3

Investment: When countries or TNCs invest money and set up an industry or business in another country.

Answer 4

TNC investment: TNCs and HICs may invest such as China in Africa, these give people jobs and income. It can also stimulate industrial development such as Shell in Nigeria.

Answer 5

industrial development brings employment and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure.

Answer 6

Background: LIC in Caribbean. Independent from the LK in 1962. Tourism has helped to reduce the development gap for some countries e.g. Bahamas and Jamaica. Jamaica is a relatively small island in the Caribbean with a GDP of 14 billion. Attractions: Countries with tropical beaches, spectacular landscapes or abundant wildlife have become tourist destinations. This has led to investment and increased income from abroad, which can be used for improving education, infrastructure and housing. Positive Impacts Tourism has led to a high level of investment on the North Coast, this includes new hotels, ports and cruise liner facilities at Trelawny & expansion of the airport. There are 200,00 jobs. Tourism contributed to 34% of Jamaica's GDP. Negative Impacts Mass tourism can create excessive waste, harmful emission, habitat destruction and degradation if it is not managed carefully. Not all Jamaicans benefit from tourism, there is still high levels of deprivation.

Answer 7

• 2014: world's 21st largest economy (due to oil • Fifth largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions. • NEE: with fastest growing economy in Africa. • Still very poor with average per capita incomes around $5,000 per year (compare to $32,000 per person per year in UK) • 60% population live on less than a $1 a day

Answer 8

political context: Nigeria was a UK colony, becoming independent in 1960. Political instability followed and affected Nigeria's development and led to widespread corruption and Civil war 1967-70. Since 1999 it has had a stable government. Increasing foreign investment in Nigeria e.g. China is boosting economic growth. Social context Multi-ethnic, multi-faith country This is a strength but has also been a source of conflict e.g. 1967-70 civil war Economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south has led to new tensions. Cultural context Nigerian music - e.g. musician Fela Kuti Nollywood - Nigerian film industry 2nd largest in the world Nigerian football team v. successful - has won the African cup of nations 3 times Environmental context Natural environments form a series of E-W bands because of decreasing rainfall towards the north. Semi-desert in the north, grasslands and forests further south.

Answer 9

1999 large agriculture sector 2012 a more balanced economy, industry and services have grown

Answer 10

A TNC is a Transnational Corporation. They tend to have a major headquarters in HICs and regional sub-offices and factories in other LIC and NEE countries to take advantage of labour, lower environmental standards and raw material costs. Two big TNCs in Nigeria are:

Answer 11

Unilever: HQ in London and Rotterdam. In Nigeria since 1923. Makes toothpaste, soap etc. Employs 1500 people in Nigeria. Shell Oil: oil found in Niger Delta in 1958. Since then major contributor to taxes and export revenue. 65,000 workers and 250,000 jobs in related industries

Answer 12

Fish farms affected by oil spills therefore jobs affected. Oil thefts and sabotage Workers poorly paid

Answer 13

Profits do not remain in Nigeria, they return to the HICs (Netherlands and UK)

Answer 14

Emergency aid is short term, following natural disaster or famine. Development aid is charity based, long term support such as roads, schools or health centres Nigeria receives 4% of the aid sent to Africa, mostly from the USA and UK.

Answer 15

Aduwan Health centre: 2010 clinic to educate mothers about immunisations (polio), HIV and AIDS, aim to reduce Infant Mortlaity Rate. NGO nets for life - educates on malaria prevention and issues free anti-mosquito nets to many households.

Answer 16

In Kano and Lagos, industrial pollutants go directly into rivers. Also, air pollution from industry. 70-80% of Nigeria's forests have been destroyed by farming, industrial development and urban growth. Unplanned urban growth, waste disposal and traffic congestion are major issues in urban areas Mining & oil extraction has caused significant water pollution e.g. on the Niger delta

Answer 17

60% of Nigerians still live in poverty, the country is still unstable, still a religious divide and kidnappings by terrorist group Boko Haram still affect inward investment and confidence in the country.

Answer 18

Industrialisation took place in the UK during the 1800s. Most early manufacturing industry took place in areas with coal fields which provided energy. This was a 'break of bulk location', reducing transport costs.

Answer 19

the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry

Answer 20

Located to the north-east of Cambridge, the site is home to over 1,500 IT and bio-technology (quaternary) companies. Location factors include closeness to a major junction of the A14 which provides rapid access to the M11, and thereafter Heathrow and London. It is on cheaper land at the edge of the city. This land is flat and there is room for expansion. The proximity to Cambridge University promotes strong working relationships and access to the best University graduates.

Answer 21

• Negative visual impact of factories • Air, water & soil pollution • Pollution from road transport

Answer 22

• Destroys natural habitats • Pollutes streams & rivers • Scars landscape • Noise & dust pollution • Increased road traffic

Answer 23

Limestone quarry for roads, buildings, cement € 100 people work at Torr Quarry • Quarry being restored to create wildlife lakes • Tree planting and grass to blend in with environment • Monitoring - noise, air, dust, vibrations • Rail transport of stone instead of road

Answer 24

South Cambridgeshire (close to London) Population of 150,000 due to migration into the area Social effects: young people cannot afford the high housing costs so move away, large edge-of-village estates means loss of community Economic effects: loss of employment in agriculture as land is sold for housing

Answer 25

the Outer Hebrides (remote location) The population has declined by 50% since 1901 Social effects: outmigration of younger people means falling numbers of children and therefore school closures. Also, ageing population as young leave Economic effects: services closing, limited employment opportunities

Answer 26

the north and west of the UK. The areas of industrial growth today tend to be in the south and west. The divide has led to social and economic differences. Unemployment in the north east is 5.5% higher than the south east. Average pay is £4,000 higher in the south and life expectancy is 2.5 years longer. In attempt to reduce the differences between the north and south governments have supported a number of schemes:

Answer 27

HS2 is a High Speed rail link that will run from London to Birmingham (northern link to Manchester & Leeds cancelled in 2023) Benefits - 100,000 jobs will be created. Problems - The scheme will cost £100 billion

Answer 28

EU - Trade bloc The UK joined the EU in 1973 with the aim of becoming part of the common market and improving trade between countries. The UK opted to leave in 2016. The future is uncertain but Britain is now free to arrange its own trade agreements. 42% of all UK trade is with the EU