Urban issues and challenges Flashcards
What is a megacity?
A city with more than 10 million inhabitants
What factors are effecting the rate of urbanisation in LICs?
Migration and birth rate
What is the Nigerian fertility rate?
5+ per woman
What is the Nigerian birth rate?
37/1000/year
What is the Nigerian death rate?
11/1000/year
What is the Nigerian natural increase?
26/1000/year
Push and pull factors for people migrating to Lagos
Push:
- Boko Haram attacking people in north-east Nigeria
- Overgrazing (of goats). Livestock population has increased rapidly for rapidly growing population
- Poor healthcare
- Poor education/schooling
Pull:
- Lagos is responsible for over 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
- Population: 9%
- Industry: 80%
- Economy: 30%
Percentage of unemployed young men
23%
Compare Lagos’s population in the 1980s and present day
1980s: 5 million
Now: 5 times that, estimates 25 million
What percentage of Nigeria’s population, industry, and economy is in Lagos?
Population: 9%
Industry: 80%
Economy: 30%
6 reasons why Lagos’s population is growing so fast
Natural increase is high (26/1000/year)
Migration
Push:
- Boko Haram attacking people in north-east Nigeria
- Overgrazing (of goats). Livestock population has increased rapidly for rapidly growing population
- Poor healthcare
- Poor education/schooling
Pull:
- Lagos is responsible for over 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
- Population: 9%
- Industry: 80%
- Economy: 30%
Name Lagos’s uni
How many graduates per year?
UNILAG
~10,000
Name a hospital in Lagos
Lagos cardiac hospital
Where is the ‘home of Afrobeat’?
Who is the ‘father of Afrobeat’?
New Africa Shrine
Fela Kuti
What percentage of people have mobile phones?
Estimated 90%
More than double than in other parts of Nigeria
Name Lagos’s airport
How many countries does it have flights to?
Lagos Murtala Airport
26
Define urbanisation
The process of increasing the percentage of the population living in urban areas
What percentage of Lagos has electricity access?
99.3%
What percentage of Nigeria’s imports and exports are handled by Lagos ports?
80% of imports 70% of exports
How much is Legos construction industry worth in US dollars? What is the average annual growth?
US$69 billion annually and an average 10% annual growth
Name three companies with a headquarters in Lagos
Nestle, Shell, Volkswagen
Compare the employment structure of Lagos to the rest of Nigeria
In Lagos, only 3% of employment is in the primary sector, whereas 31% of employment in the rest of Nigeria is in the primary sector. The majority of employment in both Lagos and the rest of Nigeria is tertiary, however, 78% is tertiary in Lagos, but only 55% in the rest of Nigeria. There is a similar percentage of people working in the secondary industry in all of Nigeria.
How many tons of sewage waste does Lagos produce per day?
9000 tons
What percentage of household in Lagos are linked to a closed sewage system?
Less than one percent
What’s the most common problem encountered in Lagos hospitals?
In two decades, how much have cases increased?
Respiratory problems due to air pollution. 1/5 of ailments have been from respiratory problems.
In two decades, cases have increased tenfold
Describe some of the problems of Lagos schools
Dilapidated buildings, secondary school enrolment rate (26%), truanting, only 10% of teachers are computer, literate, an average of 44 students per teacher, unmotivated, teachers, and gangsterism
What proportion of jobs are in the informal sector in Lagos?
More than 2/3
Describe some of the problems with crime that Lagos has
Stolen items, assault, theft, burglary, carjacking, rape/sexual violence, kidnapping, extortion, fraud, piracy, aviation, religious, terrorism, riots/civil and unrest, and bribery
What is the Brown Agenda?
In rapidly growing LIC cities, the Brown Agenda refers to issues solve:
- safe water provision, sanitation and drainage
- Solid and hazardous waste management
- Air pollution, including uncontrolled emissions from motor vehicles and factories
Describe the economic, social and environmental benefits of Makoko floating school
Economic: inexpensive
Economic and social: unskilled local workers learnt new techniques, so could build own homes; provides education for slum dwellers
Social: vital meeting point for the community
Environmental: green area; it floats, so can cope with rises and falls in sea level
Environmental and economic: uses local building materials and has natural ventilation
All three: solar panels, and collects and stores rainwater for drinking
How much is the informal sector in Lagos worth per year?
US$50 billion per year
What danger does working in the informal sector in Lagos pose?
Can’t work in the morning because they will be arrested despite not doing anything illegal. This is because of corruption and police wanting bribing.
Don’t have any legal protection as are not officially employed
Do children pay for school in Lagos?
Yes, they pay daily
Describe what the government does to try and stop slum living. What is the problem with what they do?
The police come and destroy housing as the government believes that slums make Lagos and Nigeria seem less good. This poses problems as it causes huge numbers of people to become homeless.
Where is Makoko slum?
It’s a situated beside Lagos lagoon and is constructed on stilts in the water.
What do people use to cook? What is their fuel? What is the problem with this?
People cook on wood, which creates a lot of air pollution
Describe the challenges of water in Lagos
In 2010, the water supply was half 1 billion gallons, and the pipe supply was 210,000,000 gallons. There’s only met 42% of the demand.
Describe the challenges of sanitation in Lagos
Lagos produces 9000 tons of waste today, less than one percent of households are linked to a closed sewage system
Describe the challenge of energy in Lagos
There are terrible power shortages, despite paying for energy. This means that people have to rely on petrol generators, which cause a lot of pollution.
Is there a problem of unemployment in Lagos?
Although there is a problem of unemployment in Lagos, the World Bank states that «the real problem we have is more likely to be under employment, rather than unemployment» as quality of jobs are low, and people work below their qualifications.
How does the brown agenda affect people living in Lagos?
Pollution creates respiratory problems, which creates healthcare, costs, and pollution and poisonous air also cause carbon monoxide poisoning
Who is most affected by the brown agenda in Lagos?
Poor suffer the most
What are the main sources of pollution in Lagos?
Generators and vehicles
What types of pollution are there in Lagos?
- Carbon monoxide - poisons the blood system
- Water - oil spills and plastic
- Electrical waste - toxic
What happened to Makoko floating school?
It sank in 2016
Was possibly destroyed by the government
Describe Eko Atlantic Project
It is a mixed used residential and business development on Lagos’ coastline and is expected to provide accommodation for 250,000 people and employment for a further 150,000 people. It will be built on reclaimed land from the Atlantic ocean.
Define rural
Used to describe an area of the countryside
Define urban
Used to describe a built-up place with lots of people living there, i.e. a town or city
Define HIC
High income country
Define NEE
Newly emerging economy
Define LIC
Low income country
Define fertility rate
Mean number of children born per woman
Define birth rate
The number of children born per thousand people per year
Define death rate
The number of deaths per thousand people per year
Define push factors
A factor that encourages people to leave the place where they are living and migrate elsewhere
Define pull factors
Factors that attract people to move to a new place
Define natural increase
The natural growth of a population due to the number of births exceeding the number of deaths
Define quality of life
Well-being of individuals, or a group of people/a population
Define informal sector
Cash in hand jobs, where people do not pay taxes to the government, so have no formal contract
Define urban planning schemes
Designs/plans intended to change the layout and functions of towns and cities
Provide three examples of knowledge that demonstrate that quality of life of people living in squatter settlements in Lagos may be low
- 75% of households are living in one room
- 52% lacking a toilet bath or kitchen
- 38% have no bath toilet or kitchen
- Only 11% of access to piped water
Provide three examples of knowledge that demonstrate that quality of life of people living in squatter settlements in Lagos may be low
- 75% of households are living in one room
- 52% lacking a toilet bath or kitchen
- 38% have no bath toilet or kitchen
- Only 11% of access to piped water
What percentage of Lagos’ population has a treated pipe water supply?
Only 11%
What is three problems of trying to provide good clean water to the population of Lagos
Open drains that carry free water can be contaminated with sewage
The ground water from whales and ball holes can be contaminated with sewage from leaking septic tanks
Groundwater can be made and drink bowl as it is contaminated with salt from the sea
Describe the problems with energy supply in Lagos
40% of the population of no access to electricity, and those who do experience regular power cuts, meaning 80% of household rely on diesel generators as their first or second source of energy. These generators are a huge contributer to pollution in Lagos.
Give a piece of judgement that provides good news about Lagos’ energy supply, that would make a nice counterpoint in an essay
There is a plan to develop independent “ power projects“ that insure lower levels of pollution and more reliable energy. 20% of the energy will come from renewables like wind. This plan aims for 100% of houses I’ve had energy streetlight by 2030.
Provide evidence that Lagos has got a traffic problem
The average commuter spends at least three hours in traffic every day and 2 million people get stuck in traffic every day
Describe what the Lagos state government has done to help with the congestion problems
They have instigated the Lagos metropolitan area transport authority to improve transport by creating separate brass lanes as a quarter of all commuters in Lagos use buses
What are the components of the strategic transport master plan for Lagos?
I need to graded, transport system, linking trail, and waterway networks, making journeys easier. A new ferry motorway network, to better utilise the water surround the area of Lagos. more efficient, roadwork, consisting of separate lanes for buses, and no obstacles to improve traffic flow. Urban planning, where buildings have mixed uses, reducing the number of journeys required. New airport further away from congested areas. Finally, cycling facilities and pavements for pedestrians.
Name Nigeria’s capital city
Abuja
What are the two main religions in Nigeria?
Islam and Christianity
Which European country colorized Nigeria
Britain
What is Lagos’ approximate population to the nearest 10 million?
30 million
What’s the share of my Nigerian industry is in Lagos
80%
What percentage of Nigerian GDP is generated by Lagos?
30%
What is the name of Lagos’ university?
The university of Lagos (UNILAG)
What is the name of Fela Kuti’s club in Lagos?
The Africa shrine
What is the name of the planned new city in Lagos?
Eko Atlantic
How many countries can you get a direct flight to from Lagos International Airport?
28
Approximately how much is the informal sector worth in Lagos?
US$100 billion - 2/3 of the economy
Approximately how much is the construction industry worth in Lagos?
US$69 billion
What is the name of the sling Legos, which is partially built on water?
Makoko
What share of household in Lagos or linked to a closed sewage system?
Less than one percent
What is the technical name given to the host of environmental problems of an experience by rapidly growing cities in LICs and NEEs?
The brown agenda
Explain one environmental benefit of the Makoko floating school
Doesn’t pollute as it has solar panels
Other answers are also correct
What is counterurbanisation?
The reverse of urbanisation
Describe London, population growth from the eighteen hundreds to the present day
London grew for around 1 million people in 1800, two 2 million only 40 years later and, 1840. Today, the population is around 8 million is grew fastest during the 19 century. After the Second World War, it experience counterurbanisation, but since 1990, it has been growing steadily (by over 1 million). However, the population has recently flatlined due to Brexit.
What caused London’s population to originally grow in the 19th century
The industrial revolution
Compare wages in London to the rest of the country’s averages
Almost twice as much as the rest of the country
What proportion of the U.K.’s economy is in London?
Nearly one quarter.
What percentage of UK GDP is in London?
About 22% of GDP
Describe the housing and the house prices in London
They are my father highest house prices in the UK. House prices have risen rapidly since 2007. People living outside of London. Can’t move into London as the houses cost too much. Houses cost too much as the housing demand is huge.
Houses outside of London have much lower value, creating a constantly growing inequality
What proportion of for an exchange trading in the world is the city of London responsible for?
1/2
Each day, how many flights come to the UK
6000
What is the world’s busiest two runway airport?
Heathrow
What percentage of international air travel is via London?
50%
How many airports does London have?
5
How much is the creative industry in London worth? What proportion of across the UK is this?
Creative industries are worth £35 billion, half of the countries total. This is largely due to the West End
What percentage of the U.K.’s hospital beds are in London
15%
How many of the countries teaching hospitals are in London?
15 out of 50
How many tourists visited London in 2017? How much did they spend?
20 million tourists visited London 2017, spending 13 billion
How many universities students are there in London? What percentage are from overseas?
380,000 universities students in London. 28% from overseas.
What percentage of the U.K.’s biggest companies are located in London?
Over 70%
What proportion of the worlds top 500 companies have offices in London?
75%
Compare London’s population to the rest of UK
Compared to the rest of the UK, landed population is younger, with few children, yet the highest percentage is of 25 to 30 year olds, compared to an even number of 24 to 54-year-old in the rest of the country
Why is London’s population different to the rest of the UK?
House prices are high due to the high demand, so people tend to leave when they have children. London is a centre for jobs and education, attracting young people, and making London less important for older people who have retired. London is a place to start work as it offers great opportunities, but people will then leave.
Describe the ethnic diversity of London
60% of people are white, 18% at Asian or Asian British, 13% are black or black British, 5% are mixed race, 3% are other
Describe the influences of migrant populations on Camden
- Irish community: the Irish centre, more Catholic churches, plenty of Irish pubs
- Bengali population: festivals, the mayor was Bengali
- Greek: Greek orthodox churches, Greek restaurants
- Somali population: music festivals
- French: French restaurants and cafés, CFBL
What does urban regeneration mean?
Trustees use to restore the probability and all repopulate areas of the city that have previously been in decline
What did Kings Cross need regeneration?
It was suffering from industrial neglect after the decline of rails transport, which has led to many buildings in the area, becoming derelict.
This had a huge impact on those in the local community, who had primarily relied on the trade in business of the goods yard for work, causing problems in the local economy and population, creating deprivation and poverty.
Housing quality was also quite low and a lot was in disrepair
In the 1980s, Camden received an influx of migrants, who were primarily young and were more likely to have children. They settled down in Kings Cross and southern Islington (places, there were already overcrowded).
Most people living in Kings Cross were increasingly low paid, on benefits or drug or alcohol problems.
26 hectares of land had a reputation for drugs, prostitution and violence
What benefits has the regeneration of the area?
2 schools
University
2000 new homes, 37% of which are affordable
Jobs
The cookery school
Community garden built in skips so it can be moved around
Floodlight sports pitch
20 Restored historic buildings
Architecture
26 acres of open space with fountains and trees
Upmarket development
Was created while working close with local authorities
Uses the old infrastructure landscape
No towers on site, except for the northern end for protected views, meaning the space feels more open
They have tried to make sure to do a public bit of London, even if it is owned privately
Security guards can make people feel safe
37% of housing is ‘ affordable’
What are some problems with the Kings Cross regeneration project?
The upmarket development is not accessible for most people as it is not affordable. The services are clearly aimed at a specific group, creating an environment that is welcoming to them, but not to anyone else.
No towers on site, except for the northern end, meaning that fewer people can level work there, making prices higher as there is more competition
Someone argue that it has created separation in class and doesn’t feel like a public piece of London. Social mix has not been achieved as everyone living there has a high income
There are security cars controlling the area, making some people feel unwelcome
‘Affordable housing’ still isn’t affordable for a lot of people and is still expensive
When did London become the first National Park city?
June 2019
How many species does London have, how many trees, and what proportion of London is green?
London is Home to 15,000 species, over 8 million trees, and 47% of London is green
Why is it good to have green space?
People use green spaces for growing food. This helps to meet food demand in urban areas.
Green space attract tourist to bring money to the area, causing a rise in income and growth in the local economy
It is shown the green space can help with mental health. This means that people will be happier so less likely to need mental health services, meaning that they will be healthier, so will live longer and work longer without having to take time off, so they’ll be more money , having to get a better quality of life growing the economy
Freeze produce oxygen and clean the air. This helps reduce global warming and decrease pollution that otherwise can lead to health problems.
Trees and plants absorb water, which reduces flood risk
Parks, Woodlands, and gardens, provide habitats for wildlife. This allows species to continue to thrive.
Describe the social or cultural background of Nigeria (2) (religion)
There are a number of different ethnic groups in Nigeria (1) who have religious differences as some are Christian and others Muslim. (d) (1)
OR
There is religious conflict in Nigeria (1) which has led to the rise of the Boko Haram terror group. (d) (1)
Describe the social or cultural background of Nigeria (2) (tribes)
Three tribal groups dominate Nigeria (1) the Hausa in the north and Igbo and Yoruba in the south. (d) (1)
Describe the social or cultural background of Nigeria (2) (Fela Kuti)
Fela Kuti is the ‘father of afrobeat’ and lived in Lagos a main city in Nigeria, and set up a centre for music to be shared, called the New Africa Shrine.
What are science parks?
Science parks are a site for a group of research and IT based businesses usually linked to universities so that they can share facilities and employ highly qualified graduates e.g. Cambridge Science Park
What are business parks?
Business parks areas of land used by different businesses usually in purpose built buildings on the edge of towns. These parks have plenty of space as land is cheap so can have large buildings and car parks and are usually easy to get to using motorways and A roads. The businesses on one site may work together..
Give an example of a business park
