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Geog > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Urbanisation def

A

the increasing proportion of people living in cities across the world

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2
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Global Urban trends in growth

A

The largest growth in urban populations is expected to be in India, China and Nigeria

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3
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : The growth of the middle class and its effects

A

By 2050, the worlds middle class is expected to move from 1 => 3 billion
=> rise in education levels
=> Massive rise in consumer demand (meat, electronics etc…)

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4
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Advantages of urban areas

A

Urban areas provide better access to
=> Goods and services
=> Education
=> Labour markets
=>Healthcare

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5
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Rural => Urban Migration, Push Factors

A

=> War and civil unrest
=> loss of employment
=> Boredom of rural life
=> lack of facilities
=> poor standards of living
=> Failure of crops
=> High costs of living

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6
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Rural => Urban Migration, Pull Factors

A

=> Education opportunities
=> Friends and family
=> Higher standards of living (or at least the perception of that)
=> Quality public transport
=> Safety
=> The perception of opportunity (to make it big)
=> ‘Bright light syndrome’ (the wow factor from big shining cities)

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7
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Population growth in cities, Natural Increase, Factors that affect

A

=> Higher in LICs than HICs (often due to lack of education, healthcare or a cultural change)
=> Large young adult populations (18-35)

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8
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Natural Increase def

A

Natural Increase = Birth rate - Death rate
AKA The population growth of the cities own population through reproduction

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9
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Megacity def

A

A megacity is a city with a population over 10 million

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10
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Agglomeration

A

When multiple things join and assemble together
This is how most megacities grow so rapidly, multiple cities fusing together

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11
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Types of megacity and their traits

A

=> Slow Grower. V.Low squatter devolpments, 70% urban, found in HICs
=> Growing. 20% squatter developments, 40-50% urban, found in S.E. Asia, S.America and China
=> Rapid Growing. over 20% squatter developments, 50% Urban

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12
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Landmarks

A

=> Guanabara Bay. Natural deep water port.
=> Sugar Loaf mountain. Home to the famous statue of Christ the redeemer. One of the 7 wonders of the world.
=> Copacabana Beach. A wide and luxurious beach with shops and hotels behind.

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13
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Zones summary

A

North zone : Main industrial & port areas
International Airport
Areas of low quality housing and slums
West zone : Barra da Tijura (wealthy area & Main Olympic stadium)
Industrial area of campo Grande (housing around a steelworks)
South zone : Richest area of Rio
=> Many hills and mountains.
=> famous for Copacabana beach
Centro : Oldest part of the city and home to the CDB
-Financial centre with many TNC headquarters

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14
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Health care Challenges

A

2013 only 55% of the city had local health clinic
=> West zone was worst for elderly and pregnant

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15
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Health care Solutions

A

Authorities in Favela Santa Marta brought medical staff to give health kits into peoples homes
=> Life expectancy rose, Infant mortality fell

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16
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Education Challenges

A

-Education only compulsory between 6-14
- only 50% in rio continue past 14 => jobs in drug gangs
-Shortage of schools, teachers and poverty forces children into work

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17
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Education Solutions

A

-Giving school grants to poor families to keep children in school
-opening a private university in Rochina favela

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18
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Water Supply Challenges

A

-12% of Rio has no access to running water
-37% water lost to leaks and illegal access
-Droughts make both issues worse

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19
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Water Supply Solutions

A

-7 new water treatment plants have been opened
-300 km of pipes laid
=> once done (2014) 95% of population had mains water supply

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20
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Energy Challenges

A

-Rio faces regular blackouts
=> demand for energy for Olympic infrastructure made situation far worse for poorest areas
-Many illegally tap into the supply
=> Causes fires which spread

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21
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Social Challenges : Energy Solutions

A

-60km of new power lines
-built new nuclear power station
-developing the new hydroelectric complex
=> increase of total power of 30%
=> cost 2 billion
-Solar panels installed on favela rooftops

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22
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Informal economy

A

Def : unregulated parts of the economy
-3.5 million sources of employment in rio.
-No : pension, job security, sick pay, contracts, health & safety, protection against exploitation, tax, JOB SECURITY

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23
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Formal economy

A

-Regulated and managed parts of the economy.
-The opposite of the informal economy

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24
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Economic Challenges : Types of employment in RIO

A

-High income service (finance and banking)
-Retail and distribution
-construction (unskilled jobs
=> 2014 world cup
=> 2016 Olympics
=> Port Renovations
-Steel manufacture
-Tourism (direct & indirect)
-Oil refining
=>Petrobas - 65000 barrels of oil a day
-Port industries
=> export of primary products

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25
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges :Air & traffic pollution

A

-Due to Rio’s position, brown smog built up from exhausts fumes cover the city
-Traffic congestion V.High :
=>Steep mountains limiting road space
=>High crime => walking risky
=> Automotive manufacturing centre (JLR New Factory)

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26
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Air & traffic pollution

A

aimed at reducing congestion => prevents smog build-up
-Expansion of metro (EXEMPLAR Under Guanabara bay to Barra da Tijuca)
-One way roads during rush hour
-Toll roads

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27
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges : Water pollution

A

-Guanabara bay highly polluted
<=55 rivers flowing h.polluted (Favela sewers)
<= Oil spills from Petrobras refinery
<= Ships dump waste oils due to no disposal facilities.
=> Threat to wildlife
=> Fishing down 90%
-May affect Copacabana beach tourism

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28
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Water pollution

A

-12 new sewage works built since 2004
=> Cost $68 million in oversea aid
-Ships fined for discharging into bay
-new sewage pipes

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29
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Challenges : Waste pollution

A

-Worst in Favelas
=>Most built on steep hills => no road access => no waste lorries
-Waste dumped
=>Pollutes water system => Cholera & Rats

30
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Environmental Solutions : Waste pollution

A

-Power plant that runs of biofuel
=> Near Uni of Rio.
=> Uses methane gas produced by rotting rubbish
=> Consumes 3 tons of rubbish a day
=> powers 1000 homes

31
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : General knowledge

A

A site and Service Scheme
-Aimed to improve the quality of life for favela inhabitants
-converts favela to legal neighbourhoods
-Supported by Inter-Americas Development Bank

32
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Programs Achievements

A

-Creation of paved (& formally named) roads
-Improved access to water supplies
-improved drainage for sanitation
-hillsides secured (prevent landslides)
=> People moved where needed
-Built health, leisure and education facilities
-Installation of cable car to Ipanema
=> Inhabitants of Complexo do Alemao given a free return ticket per day
-Pacifying Police Unit setup to reduce crime

33
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Issues with gangs

A

-Gangs still control parts of the favelas
=> Block the project => force citizens to live a life outside law (No property deed, informal economy, electricity & TV must be pirated

34
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Rio De Janeiro : Favela Bairro Project : Issues with Policing

A

Police have heavy handed approach to gangs (heavily armed, large collateral etc…)
-Treat citizens of favelas like criminals
HOWEVER
-Has stopped crime

35
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Urban area in the UK def

A

An urban area is
a built up area that has a resident population above 10,000

36
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : UK reasons for the growth of cities

A

-Water access => ports <=Textile exports
-Natural Resources (coal, Birmingham black country) => Industrial revolution
=> Manufacturing (Manchester) => Textiles
=>End of primary employment => migration
-Capital City’s (London, Edinburgh, Belfast, Cardiff)
-Push and Pull factors (i.e. Education for oxford)
-Financial Centres (London)

37
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : General knowledge

A

-Second largest city in the UK
-Near the exact centre of the UK
-‘Toyshop of Europe’
-Major city due to immigration

38
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Economic past

A

-Grew rich of industrial revolution
-1980s saw economic decline => deprivation and dereliction. Manufacture declined
-transition into a service based economy, experiencing healthy levels of economic growth

39
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Transport links

A

-Road => M5,6,40 & 42
-Rail links (HS2 will be near)
-Birmingham airport

40
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Reasons for migration & who are migrating

A

One of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK
-Post war boom caused growth in employment
=> migrants form : Caribbean, S.E. Asia, India, & Ireland
-Irish potato famine
-Commonwealth
-EU expansion
-Refugees

41
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Where migrants live

A

-Tend to be concentrated near
=> Friends and family
=> Specialist shops (home food etc…) and religious venues
=> Poorer quality housing (midrise)
=> Inner city (housing is cheapest)

42
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Positives of migration

A

-Enriching the cities cultural life
=> Balti-triangle
-Historically economic, CHEAP labour
=> Migrants now bring skills and small businesses
-Provides a hard-working and motivated workforce

43
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham : Negatives of migration

A

-Challenge of integration of small secluded communities into wider city
-Challenge of providing education for children who don’t speak English as a first language
-Builds pressure on housing and employment

44
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 1) Cultural, Recreation and entertainment

A

-City centre Museum & art gallery
-Huge range of sporting arenas
=>commonwealth, Edgbaston, cricket station
-Music O2 Academy, Symphony orchestra
-Shopping at Bullring Shopping Centre

45
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 2) Employment

A

-31,000 companies based in Birmingham
-Urban regeneration program
=> provides many development jobs
Birmingham Research Park
-Biohub : For a fee, small biomedical companies can rent a slot with cutting edge equipment and IT
-Amazing transport links
-economic zones, 3 uni’s, 2 convention centres

46
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 3) Integrated Transport System

A

-Birmingham connected plan
=> AIM to coordinate all forms of transport into a single easy to use system
-Improve train lines
-New rail links
-New train system
-Development in cycle routes and walkways

47
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Opportunities : 4) Urban Greening

A

-Improving the cities environment as part of urban regeneration
=> Tree planting
=> Urban greenways
=> Green roofs & walls
=> Cycle tracks
=> Creating ‘Blue Corridors’ (rivers & Canals)
ALLIVIATE TRANSPORT PRESSURE BY ENCOURAGING CYCLING AND WALKING

48
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : Deprivation def

A

Where the quality of life for certain people fall below what is recognised as acceptable in a particular country

49
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : Dereliction def

A

Land and buildings that have fallen into disuse

50
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 1) Child Poverty

A

-2nd highest child in poverty per thousand
=> means few children have access to the cities education amenities
-Many families are registered as living in overcrowded conditions

51
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 2) Education

A

-GCSE grades below the national average
-School attendance below national average
HUGE EDUCATION GAP
=> 8 V.high achieving grammar schools

52
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 3) Health

A

-below national average for good or v.good health

53
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Challenges : 4) Employment

A

large proportion of the population are in working groups 8-9
=> V.low pay
=> Low skill
-more likely to be taken up by those who struggle to speak English & live in derelict city centres

54
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Greenfield site def

A

Are sites that have not been previously built on

55
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Brownfield site def

A

Are sites that have previously been used (often for industry)

56
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : Green belt def

A

A greenbelt is a greenfield area of land adjacent to built up land which is protected to prevent unrestricted growth of a city into the countryside (urban sprawl)

56
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 1) Housing Pressure

A

-Massive pressure has been put on green and brownfield sites due to housing shortage.
-2015 needed 89,000 new homes => Prevented by greenbelt
Example : Sutton Coldfield
-Relatively isolated and green land
-Birmingham city council decided to more than double local population with housing development (forced to build on greenbelt due to lack of brownfield space)
Fierce socio-economic debate sparked of building on the greenbelt. Concerns with :
-Pollution
-Destruction of community
-cost (greenbelt houses expensive) => leaves out poorest

57
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 2) Waste Disposal

A

-Aiming for 40% waste recycling by 2026
-New technologies such as Climafuel (biofuel made from waste) to power clay and concrete kilns while reducing waste

58
Q

Urban Issues and Challenges : Birmingham Environmental Challenges : 3) Energy Recovery

A

Birmingham’s Energy Recovery Facility (ERF)
-takes 350,000 tons of rubbish per year
=> incinerates to produce electricity
However
-Releases huge amounts of CO2
-Relatively little energy production (25MW against 500 from regular coal power plant)

59
Q

Factors affecting Birmingham’s Green Belts : 1) Transport Networks

A

The
-motorway network
-Rail network
-Birmingham airport
have all seen development on Birmingham’s rural-urban fringe

60
Q

Factors affecting Birmingham’s Green Belts : 2) Residential Developments

A

Sutton Coldfield
-Merged into Birmingham
-Forced into expanding housing stock to satiate Birmingham’s growing population

61
Q

Factors affecting Birmingham’s Green Belts : 3) Modern Industrial Estates

A

-Light manufacturing still accounts for 8% of Birmingham’s economy
=> Industrial estates such as Frankley Industrial Estate
-At the edge of town (Cheaper & better transport links)

62
Q

Factors affecting Birmingham’s Green Belts : 4) Leisure Developments

A

-21 golf courses around the rural-urban fringe of Birmingham
=> Do protect green land and wildlife, not open to the public

63
Q

Factors affecting Birmingham’s Green Belts : 5) Commuter Settlements

A

-42,000 people within last 10 years moved from
Birmingham city centre => Outskirts
=> Places pressure on roads and public transport network

64
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : Why was Regeneration necessary

A

-Birmingham suffered heavily from deindustrialisation and the recession
=> Massive unemployment (Unemployment rate trebled)
-1960s city design called for large-scale urban clearance
=> Reconstruction after WW2 left a dramatic mark and fell victim to many of the design mistakes of the period
=>’A city centre encircled by motorways’
-Poor reputation

REGENERATION DID NOT START WITH BIG CITY PLAN

65
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : GN

A

-Launched in 2010
-20 year plan to transform Birmingham city centre into a ‘world class city centre’
-Able to deliver sustainable growth.
-covering 800 hectares of land

66
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : Aims

A

-Improve connectivity and walkability of the city centre
-Improve environmental quality
-Raise new residential communities
-Diversify the economic base
-Overall grow the City Core
-Cleaning the River Rea

5 zones to be regenerated

67
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 3 - Eastside development

A

-New train station for HS2
-Urban Greening of the region
-Development of Birmingham City University

68
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 4 - Southern Gateway development

A

-£1 billion mixed land use regeneration project
-Development of retail
-Leisure facilities
-home construction

69
Q

The Birmingham Big City Plan : Zone 5 - New Street Station

A

-Transformation of New Street Station into stunning world class station
-Massive improvement to connectivity
-Better Physical Enviroment

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