Urban Issues and Challenges

Question 1

urbanisation

Answer 1

an increase in the population of people living in an urban area (towns, cities)

Question 2

benefits of urbanisation

Answer 2

higher standard of living, brings groups of people together, allows people to refine a skill or focus on a specific area

Question 3

HIC

Answer 3

high income country
a country with a GNI higher than $12 746
e.g. Japan, UK, USA

Question 4

LIC

Answer 4

low income country
a country with a GNI lower than $1 045
e.g. African nations such as Chad, Tanzania and Mali

Question 5

NEE

Answer 5

newly emerging economy
countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid industrialisation
e.g. India, Mexico, Russia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, China, and Brazil

Question 6

BRICS countries

Answer 6

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

Question 7

MINT countries

Answer 7

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

Question 8

GNI

Answer 8

gross national income
a measurement of economic activity - the total value of goods and services produced by a country plus money earned from and payed to other countries

Question 9

Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation

Answer 9

economic opportunities
migration
natural increase
push-pull theory
rural-urban migration

Question 10

economic opportunities

Answer 10

chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment

economic development
-cities that trade are a good place for business
-due to trade, cities are able to grow economically
economic growth creates jobs which attract people
-people bring ideas and business initiative to make city areas more successful

Question 11

Migration

Answer 11

when people move from one area to another (nationally or internationally)

forced or voluntary, permanent or temporary, nationally or internationally
rural-urban migration is a main driver of urbanisation (higher in LICs)
most migrants are young - willing to work

Question 12

push-pull theory

Answer 12

the idea of having factors which attract people to an area (pull) and factors which encourage them to leave (push)

Question 13

rural-urban migration

Answer 13

people moving from the countryside to the city

Question 14

push factors

Answer 14

• only basic education provided
• farming difficult and poorly paid
• drought and other climate hazards
• farming at subsistence level (producing only enough food for the family, not enough to sell)
• desertification and soil erosion
• poor harvest -> malnutrition/famine
• few doctors or hospitals
• isolated/poor roads

Question 15

pull factors

Answer 15

• more well-paid jobs
• friends and family
• higher standard of living possible
• better medical facilities
• better chance for education
• range of entertainments
• better public transport

Question 16

megacity

Answer 16

the UN defines a megacity as cities with 10 000 000 citizens or more.

• in 2015, 28 megacities
• UN estimates that by 2050, 50 megacities.

Question 17

difference between a world city and a megacity

Answer 17

a world city is generally considered to be important in the global economic system. This is because they are centres of governments and the have headquarters for major national and international companies. They also have cultural outlets and financial world cities include London, Tokyo and New York

Question 18

megacities examples

Answer 18

LA, Mexico City, Lima, New York, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Osaka Shanghai, Jakarta, Karachi, Chennai, Delhi, Calcutta, Istanbul, Banglore, Mumbai, Kinshasa, Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Dhaka

Question 19

megacities trend

Answer 19

located around coastal areas: trade opportunities, water source