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Year 9 Geography > Urban Issues > Flashcards

Urban Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation

A

an increase in the population of people living in an urban area (tows, cities)

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2
Q

benefits of urbanisation:

A

higher living standards, brings groups of people together, allows people to refine a skill or focus on a specific area of expertise.

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3
Q

HIC

A

high income country - a country with a GNI (gross national income) higher than $12 746

e.g. Japan, UK, USA

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4
Q

LIC

A

low income country - a country with a GNI lower than $1045

e.g. African Nations such as Chad, Tanzania and Mali

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5
Q

NEE

A

Newly emerging economies - countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid industrailisation.

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6
Q

BRICS

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

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7
Q

MINT

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

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8
Q

GNI

A

gross national income - a measurement of economic activity: the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and payed to other countries

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9
Q

Economic oppurtunities

A

chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment

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10
Q

Migration

A

when people move from one area to another (international or national)

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11
Q

Natural increase

A

the birth rate minus the death rate of a population

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12
Q

push-pull theory

A

the idea of having factors which attract people to an area (pull) and factors which encourage them to leave (push)

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13
Q

rural-urban migration

A

people moving from the countryside into the city

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14
Q

factors affecting urbanisation

A

migration, natural increase, economic development, location

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15
Q

Migration reasons

A

forced/voluntary, permanent/temporary, international/regional

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16
Q

Natural increase reasons

A

younger population can cause the population to
naturally increase
life expectancy is higher in urban areas than rural

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17
Q

How does location affect urbanisation?

A

historically, cities grown on transport routes (rivers, coasts…)
ports with good trade links

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18
Q

Economic development

A

trade good for development
trade causes economic growth
economic growth creates jobs that attract ppl
people bring ideas and business initiative to make the city areas more successful

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19
Q

push factors

A 
schools only provide minimal education
farming poorly paid
climate hazards
farming at subsistence levels: only enough for family, not to sell
poor harvest
few doctors/hospitals
isolated areas (poor roads)
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20
Q

pull factors

A 
more well paid jobs
move towards friends and family
higher standard of living possible
better medical facilities
better education oppurtunities/chances
range of entertainment
better public transport
21
Q

Megacity

A

the UN defines a megacity as a city with 10 000 000 citizens or more.
2015: 28 megacities
UN estimate 2050: 50

22
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

Mumbai is located in the midwest of India, on the westernmost part of the Maharashtrian state

23
Q

Mumbai population

A

22 million

24
Q

Mumbai area km^2

A

6034km^2

25
Q

Mumbai religion

A

Hinduism

26
Q

Why is Mumbai an important megacity? (internationally)

A

commercial importance
2015: 4th largest city in the world by population
PORT- on the west so access to Europe and Suez Canal
international airport
government services’ headquarters
property - becoming some of the most expensive in the world

27
Q

Why is Mumbai an important megacity? (nationally)

A

wealthiest city in India
financial capital of India
2nd deepest port (deepwater harbour)
economic hub of India - 10% of factory employment, 40% foreign trade
Most Indian cities can be connected with a 2 hr flight

28
Q

Why is Mumbai an important megacity? (regionally)

A

largest city in richest state
diversified economy - aerospace, optical, engineering, medical research, renewable energy…
informal workforce - self employed, unskilled, often unregulated

29
Q

pull factors of urban Mumbai

A 
better housing
better services (healthcare, education)
more jobs, higher wages
better living conditions with a safer environment (less chance of natural disaster)
better standard of living
30
Q

how and why has Mumbai grown?

A

rapid growth, last 50 years, both population and land
largest city in India, 5th largest in world
port used by Europeans to import & export goods: industry, transport hub
major economic source
many services grow around port

31
Q

how do the people of Mumbai earn an income?

A

over 3 million people commute to Mumbai each day for work
growing high tech industry
contributes 40% of total income to Maharashtra
main Indian stock market and has the largest amount of foreign investment

32
Q

Economic opportunities

A 
employment
education 
police presence 
higher income
access to healthcare
community spirit
more people
33
Q

economic challenges

A

pollution
low standard of living
sanitation: unhygienic

34
Q

economic opportunity: physical location

A

150km of coastline

35
Q

economic opportunity: high unemployment

A

those with the best qualifications are unemployed: educated, temporary, cheap workforce

INFORMAL ECONOMY
type of employment compromised of work done without the official knowledge of the government and therefore without any taxes

36
Q

challenges in Mumbai

A 
housing
crime
healthcare
access to water
access to education
pollution
37
Q

Dharavi challenges

A 
overcrowded
noisy
polluted
many houses made of cardboard, wood, corrugated iron, etc
made of 12 different settlements
no maps or road signs
38
Q

what percent of households had lower access to water than the minimum recommended by the WHO?

A

95%

39
Q

what is the informal economy?

A

a sector that is unmonitored by the government. workers in the informal economy are usually those with low skills and do not declare their work to the government if workers don’t declare their earnings don’t pay tax.

If they don’t pay tax, they aren’t contributing to the community/economy

40
Q

recycling in Dharavi

A

85% of people in the slum have a job and work locally, some have even managed to become millionaires.
Dharavi is a recycling zone.
23% of waste gets recycled in the UK, 80% in Mumbai.

humans who sift through rubbish, children and women
work under sun, appalling conditions, earn around £! per day

41
Q

social opportunity/challenge: housing

A

authorities producing affordable housing
rich and poor catered to
in poor areas, good sense of community

failed government plan for 11 lakh affordable homes in metropolitan region
many people living on street
living conditions are cramped
REASONS FOR HOMELESS CHILDREN 
ran away (56)
sent away (80)
lost contact with family (3)
lost family (3)
kidnapped (1)
abuse (18)
poverty (97)
42
Q

social opportunity/challenge: healthcare

A

multiple wards and enough beds per hospital, some beds r mat beds and not suitable for all patients

more infant deaths
sanitation, access to drinking water, HIV/aids
many children, less adults, not enough doctors (need special education)
not all children receive education to be doctor/will live due to lack of doctor
worse living conditions = more need for healthcare
less than 20% have health cover

43
Q

social opportunity/challenge: education

A

non government organisations (NGOs)/charities are helping to educate children: in 1 year 15 volunteers turned a national park into a makeshift school that around 250 school children benefit from
many more dropouts in rural india at younger ages and in urban India at older ages. presumably because children in rural areas have to help with farm work

children>adult: not enough teachers
labour is a big reason why children don’t get educated

44
Q

Environmental challenges

A

waste
water pollution
air pollution
traffic congestion

45
Q

environmental challenge & solution: waste (sanitary and plastic)

A

60% of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps
in some slums, water only runs between 30m and 2hr per day
the Dharavi slum is very dirty, 95% of people live in unclean conditions
Dharavi built on rubbish tip around water pipe
animal waste can leak into water supply

MUMBAI SLUM SANITATION PROJECT
aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers in the city
so far, 300+ community toilet blocks built, more than 5100 toilets
separate facilities for men and women
RECYCLING

46
Q

environmental challenge & solution: water pollution and flooding

A

big industries dump industrial waste into mithi river
airport dumps untreated oil in river
900 million litres of sewage go straight into the river per day
dumping other waste (can be toxic)
waste clogs river, blocks drains=flood risk

406 ppl died in 2005 mithi river flood

2005: flood of Mithi river, Mithi river project set up to prevent another flood
river channel dredged,widened, obstacles removed
^actions didn’t make river cleaner so waste discharges from factories now checked
more public toilets = less sewage in river
education projects, people understand

47
Q

environmental challenge & solution: air pollution

A

caused by exhaust gases from vehicles, smoke from burning rubbish & factory chimneys
economy grows: more electricity needed, generated by fossil fuels: high amounts of greenhouse gas emissions
residents have high number of breathing problems
2020, 6th highest level of pollution in India
air pollution high: old inefficient cars
little regulations of emissions from factories

new metro system, encourage people to use public transport
banned diesel as fuel in taxis, now use compressed natural gas: better for environment
upgraded roads

48
Q

environmental challenge & solution: traffic congestion

A

frequent congestion
trains carry more people per km than any other on earth
daily 7.5 million commuters
most deaths caused by passengers crossing tracks, sitting on train roofs and being electrocuted by overhead cables or hanging from doors and windows

encouraged railways to have flexible hours
seats reserved for elderly
prevent people from travelling on roof
URBAN TRANSPORT PROJECT
traffic policemen watch junctions thru remotely operable cameras

Year 9 Geography (7 decks)

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