Urban Issues And Challenges

Question 1

What is urbanisation?

Answer 1

This is an increase in the population of people living in urban areas.

Question 2

Where is urbanisation happening?

Answer 2

There are high rates of urbanisation in LiC’s and NEE’s than HIC’s.
This is because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.

Question 3

Causes of urbanisation- migration

Answer 3

Rural to urban migration - the movement of people from rural to urban areas

Push- natural disasters, war and conflict, drought, lack of employment
Pull- more jobs, better education, healthcare

Question 4

Causes of urbanisation- natural increase

Answer 4

Natural increase - when the birth rate exceeds the death rate

Increased birth rate - high percentage of population are child bearing which leads to high fertility rate
- lack of contraception or education about sex

Lower death rate- improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate

Question 5

Mega city

Answer 5

A city with over 10 million people living there.

Question 6

Sustainable urban living

Answer 6

Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using recourses in ways that ensure future generations also can use them.

Question 7

Water conservation

Answer 7

Reducing the amount of water used
-collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets

Question 8

Energy conservation

Answer 8

Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change
-promoting renewable energy recourses
-making homes more energy efficient (insulation)

Question 9

Creating green space

Answer 9

Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there
- encourages people to exercise
-reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff

Question 10

Waste recycling

Answer 10

More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill.
- more local recycling facilities
- collection of household waste

Question 11

Sustainable urban living - East village

Answer 11

• rainwater used to flush toilets
• green roofs encourage wildlife
• local buses connect to underground
  -good cycle and footpaths
• energy efficient homes

Question 12

Inter grated transport system

Answer 12

This is the linking of different forms of transport within a city and the surrounding area.

Question 13

Brownfield site

Answer 13

Brownfield sites is an area of land of premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant or contaminated.

Question 14

Green belt area

Answer 14

This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try prevent cities growing too much and too fast.

Question 15

Urban regeneration

Answer 15

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or cleaning it away and rebuilding.

Question 16

Traffic management- environmental problems

Answer 16

Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change.

Question 17

Traffic management- economic problems

Answer 17

Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to loose money.

Question 18

Traffic management- social problems

Answer 18

There is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.

Question 19

Congestion solutions

Answer 19

• widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily
  -introduce park and ride schemes to reduce care use
  -have public transport lanes
  -congestion charge

Question 20

Traffic management- Cambridge

Answer 20

Issue - growing city, city centre has very narrow streets, lots of tourists
Solution- 3 park and rides, guided busway, lots of cycle routes, clever bollards, pedestrian zones

Question 21

Location of London

Answer 21

SE, UK. River Thames important as a port.

Question 22

Londons importance

Answer 22

-Uk capital
-World city influences finance
-many companies HQs
-Big Ben, Buckingham palace for tourism

Question 23

Cities opportunities - social

Answer 23

-shops
-bars
-china town

Question 24

Cities opportunities - economic

Answer 24

-silicon round a bout in shoreditch home to high tech start ups
-Docklands area used to be in decline now centre for finance

Question 25

Cities opportunities- environmental

Answer 25

One of the worlds greenest cities however the controversial garden bridge project stopped

Question 26

Cities challenges - social

Answer 26

-houses prices increased along with greater house shortages

Question 27

Cities challenges - economic

Answer 27

-cross rail encourages jobs, faster journeys. Inequalities need to be reduced

Question 28

Cities challenges- environmental

Answer 28

Air pollution puts pedestrians at risk.
1/4 waste in landfill

Question 29

Regeneration- Olympic park

Answer 29

Lots of old industries had moved out some of the poorest areas of London. High unemployment.
-9000 new homes
-12000 permanent jobs
-Westfield shopping centre

Question 30

Location of Rio

Answer 30

Coastal city situated in SE Brazil.

Question 31

Rio’s importance

Answer 31

• many oil and gas companies
• hosted the 2016 summer Olympics
• christ the redeema

Question 32

Rio Cities challenges - social

Answer 32

There is a severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare centres available. Large social inequality is creating tensions between the rich and poor.

Question 33

Rio Cities challenges - economic

Answer 33

The ride of informal jobs with low pay and no tax contributions. There is high employment in shanty towns called favelas.

Question 34

Rio City challenges- environmental

Answer 34

Shanty towns called favelas are established around the city typically on unfavourable land such as hills.

Question 35

Self help schemes - Rotchina, barrio project

Answer 35

• the authorities have provided basic materials to improve peoples homes with safe electricity and sewage pipes
• demolished houses and created new estates
• more police
• investment in rail road network to reduce pollution

Question 36

Issues created by urban sprawl

Answer 36

-people shop where they live
-housing developments built on green space
-increased traffic congestion
- increased commuting