Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
This is an increase in the population of people living in urban areas.
Where is urbanisation happening?
There are high rates of urbanisation in LiC’s and NEE’s than HIC’s.
This is because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.
Causes of urbanisation- migration
Rural to urban migration - the movement of people from rural to urban areas
Push- natural disasters, war and conflict, drought, lack of employment
Pull- more jobs, better education, healthcare
Causes of urbanisation- natural increase
Natural increase - when the birth rate exceeds the death rate
Increased birth rate - high percentage of population are child bearing which leads to high fertility rate
- lack of contraception or education about sex
Lower death rate- improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate
Mega city
A city with over 10 million people living there.
Sustainable urban living
Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using recourses in ways that ensure future generations also can use them.
Water conservation
Reducing the amount of water used
-collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
Energy conservation
Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change
-promoting renewable energy recourses
-making homes more energy efficient (insulation)
Creating green space
Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there
- encourages people to exercise
-reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff
Waste recycling
More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill.
- more local recycling facilities
- collection of household waste
Sustainable urban living - East village
- rainwater used to flush toilets
- green roofs encourage wildlife
- local buses connect to underground
-good cycle and footpaths - energy efficient homes
Inter grated transport system
This is the linking of different forms of transport within a city and the surrounding area.
Brownfield site
Brownfield sites is an area of land of premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant or contaminated.
Green belt area
This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try prevent cities growing too much and too fast.
Urban regeneration
The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or cleaning it away and rebuilding.
Traffic management- environmental problems
Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change.
Traffic management- economic problems
Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to loose money.
Traffic management- social problems
There is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.
Congestion solutions
- widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily
-introduce park and ride schemes to reduce care use
-have public transport lanes
-congestion charge
Traffic management- Cambridge
Issue - growing city, city centre has very narrow streets, lots of tourists
Solution- 3 park and rides, guided busway, lots of cycle routes, clever bollards, pedestrian zones
Location of London
SE, UK. River Thames important as a port.
Londons importance
-Uk capital
-World city influences finance
-many companies HQs
-Big Ben, Buckingham palace for tourism
Cities opportunities - social
-shops
-bars
-china town
Cities opportunities - economic
-silicon round a bout in shoreditch home to high tech start ups
-Docklands area used to be in decline now centre for finance
Cities opportunities- environmental
One of the worlds greenest cities however the controversial garden bridge project stopped
Cities challenges - social
-houses prices increased along with greater house shortages
Cities challenges - economic
-cross rail encourages jobs, faster journeys. Inequalities need to be reduced
Cities challenges- environmental
Air pollution puts pedestrians at risk.
1/4 waste in landfill
Regeneration- Olympic park
Lots of old industries had moved out some of the poorest areas of London. High unemployment.
-9000 new homes
-12000 permanent jobs
-Westfield shopping centre
Location of Rio
Coastal city situated in SE Brazil.
Rio’s importance
- many oil and gas companies
- hosted the 2016 summer Olympics
- christ the redeema
Rio Cities challenges - social
There is a severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare centres available. Large social inequality is creating tensions between the rich and poor.
Rio Cities challenges - economic
The ride of informal jobs with low pay and no tax contributions. There is high employment in shanty towns called favelas.
Rio City challenges- environmental
Shanty towns called favelas are established around the city typically on unfavourable land such as hills.
Self help schemes - Rotchina, barrio project
- the authorities have provided basic materials to improve peoples homes with safe electricity and sewage pipes
- demolished houses and created new estates
- more police
- investment in rail road network to reduce pollution
Issues created by urban sprawl
-people shop where they live
-housing developments built on green space
-increased traffic congestion
- increased commuting
