Physical

Question 1

attrition

Answer 1

rocks that bash together to become smaller

Question 2

solution

Answer 2

a chemical reaction that dissolves rocks

Question 3

abrasion

Answer 3

rocks hurled at the base of a cliff to break pieces apart or scraped against the banks and bed of a river

Question 4

hydraulic action

Answer 4

water enters cracks in the cliff or river bank, air compresses, causing the crack to expand

Question 5

solution

Answer 5

minerals dissolve in water and are carried along

Question 6

suspension

Answer 6

sediment is carried along in the flow of the water

Question 7

saltation

Answer 7

pebbles that bounce along the river bed

Question 8

traction

Answer 8

boulders that roll along the river by the force of the flowing river

Question 9

deposition

Answer 9

when the sea or river loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying.

Question 10

precipitation

Answer 10

moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail

Question 11

interception

Answer 11

vegetation prevents water reaching the ground

Question 12

surface runoff

Answer 12

water flowing over the surfaces of the land into rivers

Question 13

infiltration

Answer 13

water absorbed into the soil from the ground

Question 14

transpiration

Answer 14

water loss through leaves and plants

Question 15

physical causes of flooding

Answer 15

• prolonged heavy rainfall causes soil to become saturated leading runoff
• relief - steep sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into rivers causing greater discharge
• impermeable rocks causes surface runoff to increase river discharge

Question 16

human causes of flooding

Answer 16

tarmac and concrete are impermeable this prevents infiltration and causes surface runoff

Question 17

upper course of river

Answer 17

Near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the hill this gives the river a lot of energy, so it will erode the riverbed vertically to form narrow valleys

Question 18

middle course of river

Answer 18

Here the gradient gets gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more slowly. The river will begin to erode laterally making the river wider

Question 19

lower course of the river

Answer 19

Near the rivers mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited

Question 20

Formation of waterfall

Answer 20

1. river flows over alternative types of rocks
2. river erodes soft rock faster creating a step
3. further hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool beneath
4. hard rock above is undercut leaving cap rock which collapses providing more material for erosion
5. waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge

Question 21

formation of floodplains and levees

Answer 21

When a river floods, fine silt is deposited on the valley floor, closer to the rivers banks, the heavier materials build up to form natural levees.

Question 22

formation of ox bow lakes

Answer 22

1. erosion of outer bank forms rover cliff. Deposition inner bank forms slip off slope
2. further hydraulic action and abrasion of outer banks, neck gets smaller
3. erosion breaks through neck, so river takes the fastest route, redirecting flow.
4. evaporation and deposition cuts off main channel leaving an oxbow lake

Question 23

soft engineering

Answer 23

afforestation - plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk

demountable flood barriers - put in place when warning raised

managed flooding - naturally let areas flood, protect settlements

Question 24

hard engineering

Answer 24

straightening channel - increases velocity to remove flood water
artificial levees - heightens river so flood water is contained
deepening or widening river - to increase capacity for a flood

Question 25

River Tees geomorphic processes

Answer 25

upper - V-shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls
- high force waterfall

middle - meanders and ox bow lakes

lower - greater lateral erosion creates features such as floodplains and levees

Question 26

Formation of bays and headlands

Answer 26

1. waves attack the coastline
2. softer rock is eroded by the sea quicker
3. more resistant rock is left jutting out into the sea this is a headland

Question 27

Formation of coastal spits

Answer 27

1. swash moves up the beach in the direction of wind
2. backwash moves down the beach at 90 degree
3. LSD transports material along the beach
4. deposition causes beach to extent
5. change in wind direction forms a hook
6. behind spit, deposition forms salt marshes

Question 28

constructive waves

Answer 28

has a swash that is stronger than the backwash, therefore builds up the coast

Question 29

destructive waves

Answer 29

has a backwash that is stronger than the swash, therefore erodes the coast

Question 30

formation of coastal stack

Answer 30

1. Hydraulic action widens cracks in the cliff face
2. Abrasion forms a wave cut notch
3. further abrasion widens notch into a cave
4. Caves on both sides of the headland break through to form an arch
5. erosion causes it to collapse and form a stack
6. further weathering and erosion leaves a stump

Question 31

Hard engineering defences

Answer 31

Groynes - Wood barriers prevent LSD, so the beach can build up.

Sea walls - Concrete walls break up the energy of the wave . Has a lip to stop waves going over.

Gabions - Cages of rocks absorb the waves energy, protecting the cliff behind.

Question 32

Soft engineering defences

Answer 32

Beach nourishment - Beaches built up with sand, so waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs.

Managed retreat - Low value areas of the coast are left to flood & erode.

Question 33

Coastal Management Lyme Regis, Dorset
Geomorphic Processes

Answer 33

Geomorphic Processes
Unstable cliffs – soft clays on top of stronger limestone – landslips common.
Strong waves beach removed by strong storms

Question 34

Coastal Management Lyme Regis, Dorset
Hard engineering & Soft engineering

Answer 34

• New sea wall and promenade
• Rock armour near jetty
• Large stone groynes built
• Nailing and improving drainage of cliffs
• Sand imported from France – beach replenishment

Question 35

Coastal Management Lyme Regis, Dorset
evaluation

Answer 35

• New defences stood up to recent winter storms
• Visitor numbers have increased
• Coastal processes (LSD) interfered with – affects coastline to the West.

Question 36

Case Study: The River Tees
Management

Answer 36

• Yarm and Middleborough are economically and socially important due to houses and jobs that are located there.
  -Dams and reservoirs in the upper course, controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall.
• Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding.