Economic development/ Nigeria Flashcards
What is development?
Development is an improvement in living standards through better use of resources.
Economic development
Progress in economic growth through levels of industrialisation and technology.
Social development
Improvement in peoples standard of living for example clean water and electricity.
Environmental development
Involves advances in the management and protection of the environment.
Economic indicator examples
- employment type
- Gross domestic product per capita
- Gross national income per capita
Social indicator examples
- Infant mortality
- Literacy rate
- life expectancy
- Human development index
Demographic transition model
shows population change over time. It studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country.
1 - high DR + BR
2 - low BR + declining DR
3 - low BR + rapid decline DR
4 - low BR + DR
5 - falling DR + low BR
variations in level of development
LICs - GNI is low and most people have a low standard of living (Africa)
NEEs - Getting richer and economy is progressing to second industry. greater exports lead to better wages (Asia)
HICs - Wealthy countries with high GNIs and standards of living (Europe)
natural resources affecting uneven development (physical)
- fuel sources such as oil
- minerals and metals for fuel
- availability for timber
- access to safe water
natural hazards affecting uneven development (physical)
- risk of tectonic hazards
- benefits from volcanic material
location affecting uneven development (physical)
- landlocked countries find trade hard
- mountains make farming difficult
- scenery attracts tourists
climate affecting uneven development (physical)
- reliability of rainfall to benefit farming
- climate attracts tourists
Aid effects uneven development (Human)
- improves services
- too reliant on aid might stop trade links becoming established
Trade affects uneven development (Human)
- countries that export more than import have trade surplus which improves economy
- having good trade relationships
Education affecting uneven development (Human)
- creates skilled workface
- earn more money, so can pay more taxes
Health affecting uneven development (Human)
- lack of clean water and poor healthcare means more diseases
- people who are ill cannot work
- more money on healthcare means less on development
consequences of uneven development
wealth - people in more developed countries have higher incomes
health - better healthcare means that people in more developed countries live longer
migration - if nearby countries have higher levels of development people will move there for a better standard of living
Microfinance Loans
Involves people in LICs receiving small loans from traditional banks
Aid
Given by one country to another as money or resources.
debt relief
when a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered.
fair trade
a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produces.
Technology
induces tools, machines and affordable equipment that improve quality of life.
Jamaica tourism economy
- 130,000 jobs rely on tourism
- in 2015 2.12 million visited
- tourism contributes 27% of GDP
Jamaica’s multiplier effect
- jobs from tourism have meant more money being spent in shops and businesses.
- Government has invested infrastructure to support tourism
Development problems in Jamaica
- Tourists do not always spend money outside of resorts
- Infrastructure has not spread to the whole island
- Many people still live in poor quality of housing and lack services such as healthcare
industrial structures influencing nigerias development
Used to be agriculturally based but now 50% of its economy is manufacturing services, which increases employment opportunities and foreign investment.
The role of TNCs in nigeria
TNCs such as Shell have played an important role in its economy
- investment has increased employment and income
- profits move to HICs unfortunately
- Oil spills have damaged environment
environmental impacts in nigeria
- oil spills devastated swamps and ecosystems
- 80% of forest has been cut down increasing CO2 emissions
effects of economic development in nigeria
Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to safe water. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9.
Nigeria’s aid and debt relief
- receives 5 billion in aid per year, which has helped protect people against HIV
- Some aid fails to reach people who need it due to corruption
causes of economic change in UK
- De-industrialisation and the decline of the UKs industrial base
- Globalisation has meant many industries have moved overseas where labour costs are lower
- Government investing in supporting vital businesses
towards post industry
UK
- The quaternary industry has increased, while the secondary industry has decreased
- Numbers in primary and tertiary industry has stayed the same
- increase in professional and technical jobs
development of science parks
UK
- access to transport routes
- highly educated workers
- attractive working conditions
- attracts high tech businesses
UK car industry
- UK makes 1.5mil cars every year
- factories are owned by TNC’s
- 7% of energy used there factories from wind energy
- More energy efficient cars
- Nissan produces electric and hybrid cars
Change to rural landscape
social:
- rising house prices mean underpopulated villages
Economic:
- lack off affordable housing
- farmland prices have increased rural unemployment
- pressures on local services
Improvements to transport
- A £15 billion road improvement strategy will involve 10 new roads and 1,600 extra lanes
- £50bil HS2 railway to improve connections between key UK cities
- £18bil on Heathrow’s third runway
- large ports for importing and exporting goods
UK North/South divide
- Wages are lower in the North
- Health is better in the south
- Education is better in the south
-The government aims to support a Northern Powerhouse project to resolve regional differences
- More devolving of powers to disadvantaged regions
