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Geography > Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Urban

A

mostly influenced by people

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2
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The proportion of the world’s population who live in cities.

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3
Q

How much of the world’s population is urbanised?

A

around 54% of the world’s population

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4
Q

How is the world’s popualtion changing?

A
  • The world’s population is increasing
  • Since the 1900s, the bigger the global population has become, the faster it has grown
  • It took 300 years for the world’s population to double from half a billion to one billion
  • It took 39 years to double from 3 billion to 6 billion
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5
Q

Where is it happening?

A
  • LIC: starting to urbanise rapidly
  • NEE: continuing to urbanise
  • HIC: already urbanised (counter-urbanising also)
    CONTINENT:
  • Oceania: a mix
  • Africa: not very urbanised
  • S.America: Quite urbanised
  • N.America: Very urbanised
  • Europe: Very (West) Somewhat (East)
  • Asia: Urbanising rapidly
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6
Q

How does urbanisation vary around the world?

A
  • The largest growth in urban population by 2050 will take place in India, China and Nigeria- NEE
  • In most HICs, over 60% of the population live in cities
  • In many LICs, more than 20% live in cities. In Africa, the average urban population is almost 40%
  • In south and south-east Asia, around half the population live in towns and cities
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7
Q

What are the two main reasons why cities are getting bigger?

A
  • natural increase

- rural-urban migration

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8
Q

Natural Increase definition

A

It is where the birth rate is higher than the death rate

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9
Q

Birth rate definition

A

The number of children born out of every 1000 per year

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10
Q

Death rate definition

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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11
Q

Where is natural increase higher?

A

In LICs and some NEEs

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12
Q

Why is natural increase higher in LICs and some NEEs?

A
  • there are lots of young adults aged 18-35 (child-bearing age)
  • improvements to health care have significantly lowered the death rate
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13
Q

Megacity definition

A
  • Megacities are cities with a population of over 10 million
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14
Q

What are the three types of megacities?

A

Slow-growing, growing and rapid-growing

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15
Q

Features of slow-growing megacities

A
  • no squatter settlements
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16
Q

Features of growing megacities

A
  • under 20% in squatter settlemts
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17
Q

Rapid-growing

A
  • over 20% in squatter settlements
18
Q

Examples of slow-growing megacities

A
  • Tokyo
  • Los Angeles
    (often in HICs)
19
Q

Examples of growing megacities

A
  • Beijing
  • Rio de Janeiro
    (often in NEEs)
20
Q

Examples of rapid-growing megacities

A
  • Jakarta (capital of Indonesia)
  • Mumbai
    (often in NEEs or LICs)
21
Q

Rural-urban migration definition

A

It is the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities

22
Q

What is rural-urbal migration caused by?

A

-push and pull factors

23
Q

Push factors definition

A

Reasons why people want to leave the countryside

24
Q

Pull factors definition

A

Reasons why people are attracted to the city

25
Q

Push factors

A
  • farming is hard and poorly paid (a lot of people farm in rural areas)
  • Farming is often at subsistence level,leaving nothing to sell
  • Rural areas are isolated, often with few services
  • poor quality schools/hospitals
  • drought
  • low-paying jobs
26
Q

Pull factors

A
  • a higher standard of living is possible
  • there are better medical facilities
  • there is a better chance of getting an education
  • better job prospects
  • public transport
27
Q

Megacity number

A

As of 2015: 28 megacities

By 2050: 50 megacities

28
Q

Where are most megacities?

A
  • In Asia, especially China and India and they are also projected to make up most of the megacities in the future.
29
Q

Brownfield site

A

Land

30
Q

The impact of urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe and growth of megacities- London

A

Greenbelt land designated in 1947 at a risk of development
Now urban sprawl has shifted to commuter settlements outside the greenbelt
New housing estates and business parks encroach into surrounding countryside.

31
Q

Favelas facts

A
  • over 1000 in Rio
  • on the edges of a city
  • illegal settlements on non-owned land
  • not just in Rio
32
Q

HICs- urbanisation

A
  • In most HICs, 60% of the population live in cities
33
Q

LICs - urbanisation

A
  • In many low-income countries, more than 20% live in cities.
  • In Africa, the average urban population is almost 40%
34
Q

S and SE Asia- urbanisaion

A
  • around half of the population live in towns and cities
35
Q

How is the UK population distributed

A
  • the distribution is uneven
  • a quarter of the urban dwellers live in London and the SE of England
  • many highland regions are very sparsely populated- upland areas are remote and can experience harsh weather conditions.
36
Q

What percentage of the UK population lives in urban areas?

A

82%

37
Q

How did major cities grow?

A
  • During the industrial revolution, major cities grew up near raw materials such as coal.
38
Q

Why did Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff grow?

A
  • Because they were capitals of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales
39
Q

Why did Birmingham grow?

A
  • it’s location in the centre of the country was a factor in its growth as a centre of industrial innovation
40
Q

Why did London develop?

A
  • it was the UK Capital
  • it developed because of its political and administrative functions
  • now a global city and a financial centre.
41
Q

Why did ports such as London, Liverpool and Bristol grow?

A

Because the UK was (and is) an important trading nation

42
Q

How might the distribution of the UK population change?

A
  • there has been a general shift towards London and SE England
  • Immigrants generally settle in larger cities where there are more job opportunities
  • In recent years, there has been a movement from urban to rural areas. Many older people choose to retire near the coast or in the country

Geography (20 decks)

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