Rio de Janeiro Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Rio situated?

A

It is situated in south-east Brazil, around Guanabara Bay

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2
Q

How has urban growth created opportunities: social- healthcare

A
  • Healthcare provisions, such as health care centres and hospitals, is significantly better in Rio than in rural areas. -Compared to living in the countryside vulnerable people such as children and the elderly have better access to emergency care and vaccinations in Rio.
  • With six hospitals, there is easier access to health servies in Rio than in rural areas.
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3
Q

education- social opportunity

A
  • There are many primary and secondary schools in Rio which have enabled 95% of children aged 10 and above in the city to be literate. This is considerably higher than the national average. The city also has several universities providing higher education opportunities.
  • city has 1673 schools, with 42,529 teachers employed.
  • number one city for education
  • contains 19 of the 60 best schools in the country
  • workforce in Rio also has the largest number of yrs of education attainment- 65% of those employed have completed a high school degree.
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4
Q

Water supply

A
  • Access to clean water has increased considerably in Rio since the city hosted major sporting events such as the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Over 90% of the population of Rio have access to mains water supply.
  • An estimated 98% of the city is served by the city’s supply system, compared to Brazil’s average of 82%
  • 7 new treatment plants were built between 1998-2014
  • 75% of the city’s sewage is treated compared to Brazil’s average of 39%
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5
Q

Energy

A
  • Although the city is subject to power cuts, the energy supply is more reliable than in rural areas where lighting and power are not always available. Despite this many residents in the favelas tap into the power supply illegally. This has led to fires.
  • the city has invested a lot of money in improving its energy ahead of the 2016 Olympic Games: It has installed new power lines and built new nuclear generators and HEP plants.
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6
Q

How have Rio’s industries created economic development?

A
  • As Rio is one of Brazil’s most important industrial cities considerable economic growth has occurred. -For example, there have been improvements in services (such as water and energy), roads and transport.
  • Employment opportunities are available in Rio’s five ports through the export of coffee, sugar and iron ore.
  • The largest steelworks in South America is located in Sepetiba Bay in Rio. This has led to new construction and supply industries being attracted to the area further encouraging economic growth and job opportunities.
  • This is known as the multiplier effect. As the population has grown and industry has developed so too has the service sector (e.g. retail and finance) to meet the demands of the area.
  • Migrant labour and economic investment are also attracted to Rio due to the growth in manufacturing industries such as furniture, clothing, pharmaceuticals and food processing.
  • Rio’s industrial areas have boosted the city’s economy
  • Rio provides more than 6% of Brazil’s employment
  • Economic development has improved Rio’s transport and environment
  • the city’s favelas have improved
  • Large companies are now attracted to Rio
  • Economic opportunities have developed in the formal economy
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7
Q

Health care challenges

A
  • Most of the health-care services are not free
  • In 2013, only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic.
  • services for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor, especially in areas of the West Zone,
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8
Q

Solution for health care

A
  • eg: Favela of Santa Marta
  • set on a steep hillside, has a population of 8000 - it has few roads and the main means of access is an overcrowded cable car. It is 13 km to the nearest hospital. Medical staff took a health kit into people’s homes and were able to detect twenty different diseases and treat them. As a result, infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased.
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9
Q

Education challenges

A
  • About 25% of the poorest children do not go to school.
  • Education in Brazil is compulsory for children aged 6-14. However, in Rio only half of all children continue their education beyond the age of 14.
  • Many drop out of school and some are forced into drug trafficking.
  • The level of school enrolment in Rio is low
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10
Q

Solutions for education

A
  • The authorities are trying to improve access to education by:
  • encouraging local people to volunteer to help in school
  • giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school
  • making money available to pay for free lessons in volleyball, football, swimming and squash in Rocinha favela.
  • opening a private university in Rocinha favela.
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11
Q

Water supply opportunities and challenges

A
  • the city has the largest water treatment works in the country
  • people living in Rio have a much greater chance of having a fresh water supply compared to people in the countryside
  • However, around 12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water
  • estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal acces.
  • situation has become worse in recent years.
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12
Q

Solutions for water supply

A
  • most of the work has been on improving the quantity/quality of water in the favelas and in the Olympic Park
  • Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014, and over 300 km of pipes were laid.
  • By 2014, 95% of the population had a mains water supply.
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13
Q

Energy: opportunities

A
  • The Brazilian government has concentrated increasing energy supplies to cities like Rio where the population densities are greatest
  • the percentage of the population with access to electricity is three times higher than in the countryside. The rich areas have the best electricity provision.
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14
Q

Energy challenges

A
  • The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity.
  • the growing population and the demands of the 2016 Olympics made the situation worse.
  • Many people living in the poorer parts of Rio de Janeiro get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply, which is risky and unsafe
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15
Q

Air pollution and traffic congestion

A
  • air pollution causes around 5000 deaths per year in Rio.
  • (Brown) Smog occurs in still conditions, when natural mist (Atlantic) or fog mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants from factories.
  • Traffic congestion increases stress and pollution because it leads to the build up of exhaust fumes
  • steep mountains limit where roads can go because the roads can only be built on coastal lowland
  • the number of cars has grown by over 40% in the last decade
  • high crime levels mean people prefer to drive
    SOLUTIONS
  • expansion of the metro system (cuts car use)
  • New toll roads into the city centre (cost)
  • Making coast-roads one way during rush hours (improves traffic flow)
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16
Q

Water pollution

A
  • Guanabara Bay is highly polluted
  • Rivers are polluted by open sewers in the favelas because the government has not paid for sewage pipes
  • there have been oil spills from the Petrobras oil refinery
  • Ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay
  • Over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day
    SOLUTIONS
  • 12 new sewage works have been built since 2004
  • Ships are fined for discharging fuel illegally
  • 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed
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17
Q

Waste pollution

A
  • Many favelas are on steep slopes with few proper roads so waste collection is difficult
  • most waste is dumped and pollutes the water system, causing diseases and encouraging rats
    SOLUTIONS
  • A power plant has been set up which consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes.
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18
Q

Unemployment

A
  • A recession in 2015 increased unemployment in Rio.
  • This lead to wide disparities in wealth
  • Unemployment rate in favelas are over 20%
  • Most people work in the informal economy where the work is poorly paid and irregular
    SOLUTIONS
  • The Schools of Tomorrow programme aims to improve education in the poor and violent areas
  • Free child care is provided to enable teenage parents to return to education
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19
Q

Crime

A
  • Murder, kidnapping and armed assault occur regularly. Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas.
    SOLUTIONS
    -In 2013, Pacifying Police Units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers.
  • Police have taken control of some crime-dominated favelas.
20
Q

Why have favelas grown?

A
  • Many people come here in the hope of finding a better life in the city and often end up in favelas. Many are young adults so the birth rates are higher than in more prosperous parts of the city.
21
Q

What is Rocinha like?

A
  • largest favela in Rio
  • 90% of houses built with brick, electricity, running water and sewage systems
    -bars, travel agents, shops
    schools health facilities and university
  • It has a population of 75000 in the 2010 census, but it is likely to be 3 times higher
22
Q

What are the challenges in squatter settlements?- crime

A
  • high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people in many favelas

- drug gangs can dominate

23
Q

Challenges in squatter settlements- health

A
  • infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 1000

- Waste cannot be disposed of and builds up in the street, increasing the danger of disease.

24
Q

Challenges in squatter settlements- services

A
  • In the non-improved favelas:
    . 12% of homes have no running water
    . 30% have no electricity
    . 50% have no sewage connections
25
Q

Challenges in squatter settlements-construction

A
  • houses are built with basic materials on steep slopes
  • heavy rain can cause landslides
  • They are now mostly built from concrete and brick
26
Q

Unemployment

A
  • Unemployment rates are as high as 20%

- Average incomes may be less than £75 per month

27
Q

Economic opportunities in Rio

A
  • More jobs are available in Rio than the N and NE of Brazil
  • 2nd most important industrial centre after Sao Paulo
  • provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
  • has one of the highest incomes per head in the country
  • can find work in formal or informal economy
  • receives the most foreign direct investment in the country
  • receives the most tourists - average 1.6 million tourists visit each year
  • 85% of all films produced in Brazil are made in Rio
  • largest producer of oil in Brazil and home of Petrobas
  • has 5 large industrial districts, port facilities and financial sector
  • has one of the largest steelworks in South America
28
Q

Social opportunities in Rio- health

A
  • free to all in Rio
  • 28,380 hospital beds in the city of some 3749 health care units
  • the city also has more teaching hospitals than any other city in Brazil
  • can sometimes be long waits for treatment, so a lot of the rich often pay for private medical care.
29
Q

Before the 2016 Olympics, what did Rio do?

A

Rio used ecoboats to clean up the water around the city, as well as building new sewage treatment facilities.

30
Q

What does the material recovery centre in Rio do?

A

It employs poor people from favelas to sort waste and recycle it.

31
Q

How much is Rio’s economy worth per year?

A

Around $305 billion per year

32
Q

What are the four main zones of Rio?

A

North zone, centro, west zone, south zone

33
Q

north zone

A

industrial, squatter settlements and the international airport- many of the city’s poorer people.

34
Q

Centro

A

Historic buildings, CBD and financial centre, luxury shopping area and banks, old.

35
Q

West zone

A

steelworks with some low quality homes, wealthy suburbs, industrial areas and Olympic stadiums. New,rich zone.

36
Q

South zone

A
  • hotels, beaches and luxury flats, as well as Rocinha- the largest favela in South America
  • It has the wealthiest district in the whole of South America
37
Q

Why is Rio an important city?

A
  • Brazil’s second most important industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil’s GDP
  • Stunning natural surroundings and amazing beaches- one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere
  • Rio hosted matches during the 2014 World Cup and hosted the 2016 Olympic Gamres
  • a major port- main exports are coffee, sugar and iron ore
  • The Statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World
  • Main service industries are banking, finance and insurance
  • main manufacturing industries are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods.
38
Q

Favela Bairro Project

A
  • in 1995, city authorities set aside £200 million to improve 60 of the 600 favelas
  • 40% of the funding came from the local government
  • paved and formally named roads
  • access to a water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation
  • hillsides secured to prevent landslides, or people relocated where necessary
  • building of new health, leisure and education facilities
  • installation of a cable car system across the Complexo de Alemao hillsides- inhabitats are given one free return ticket a day and journey times across the favela have been reduced from 2 hours to 16 minutes in the cable car.
  • access to credit to allow inhabitants to buy materials to improve their homes
  • 100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes
  • A Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) set up, with police patrolling the community to help reduce crime
39
Q

What were the problems with the Favela Bairro Project?

A
  • the budget of $1 billion may not cover every favela
  • the newly-built infrastructure is not being maintained
  • residents may lack the skills and resources to make repairs
  • more training is needed to improve literacy and employment
  • rents rise in the improved favelas which can make the poorest inhabitants even worse off.
40
Q

What kind of scheme if the Favela Bairro Project?

A

It is a site and service scheme

41
Q

Complexo de Alemao

A
  • a group of favelas in Rio’s North Zone

- more than 60000 people

42
Q

Social opportunities in Rio- education

A
  • there are more schools and universities in Rio than you would find in the N/NE of the country
  • 1673 schools , 45,529 teachers employed
  • known as the number one city for education
  • contains 19 of the 50 best schools in the country
  • If you are educated, more likely to find work in one of Rio’s growing industries
  • The workforce in Rio also has the largest number of years of education attainment -65% of those employed have completed a high school degree
43
Q

Social opportunities in Rio- energy

A
  • the city has invested a lot of money in improving its energy ahead of the 2016 Olympic Games
  • has installed new power lines and build new HEP generators and nuclear generators
  • despite this many people in the favelas have to steal their energy by illegally tapping into the main’s supply.
44
Q

social opportunities in Rio-water supply

A
  • an estimated 98% of the city is served by the city’s supply system, compared to Brazil’s average of 82%. 7 new treatment plants were build between 1998-2014
  • 75% of the city’s sewage is treated compared to Brazil’s average of 39%
45
Q

What was the advantage of the Favela Bairro Project?

A
  • the quality of life, mobility and employment prospects of the inhabitants have improved
46
Q

How have the Olympics affected the favelas?

A
  • some favelas were demolished to make way for the developments for the 2016 Olympic Games. The small town of Campo Grande saw 800 new houses being built
  • For some residents, the houses are better than the favelas
  • Campo Grande lacks a sense of community, has no shops and is a 90 minute drive from the city centre