Urban Issues Flashcards
What is urbanisation
It’s when people from more rural areas move to more urban areas
What is natural increase
When there are more births minus deaths
Why is natural increase higher then death rates in lics
Because there are no forms of contraception yet
Most people in LICS die earlier then normal so they have kids early
What are Mega cities
Cities with a population of over 10 million
Slow growing:no squatter settlements(Tokyo,los angles)
growing:under 20% in squatter settlements(Rio,Beijing)
Rapid growing:over 20% in squatter settlements(Jakarta,Mumbai)
Rural urban migration
The movement of people from the country side to towns and cities
Push factors:why people leave the countryside
-Farming is hard and poorly paid
-Farming is often at subsistence level,leaving nothing to sell
-Rural areas are isolated,often with few services
Pull factors:why people join the city
-A higher standard of living
-Better medical facilities and education
Where is Rio
It is situated in south east Brazil it has four zones:
-north Zone(industry squatter settlements,international airport)
-Centro(historic buildings,CBD,financial centre)
-West zone(wealthy suburbs,industrial areas,Olympic stadiums)
-South zone(Hotels,beaches)
Why is Rio important
The cultural capital of Brazil
Stunning natural surroundings
A major port
An important international transport hub
Challenges in Rio
Education:only half of all children continue their education beyond the age of 14 due to a shortage of schools and teachers and a lack of money
Energy:there have been frequent power cuts and blackouts so poorer people have been illegally tapping into the main supply of electricity
Water supply:12% of Rio’s population have no running water,droughts make water more expensive
How do solutions create opportunities in Rio
Education:school grants have been given to poorer families,opened a private university in Rocinha,the school of tomorrow program helps kids in violent neighbourhoods
Energy:60km of power lines installed,a new nuclear generator built
Water supply:300km of new pipes and seven treatment plants built
How have Rio’s industries created economic developments
Industrial areas have boosted the cities economy
Economic development has improved transport and environment
Large companies are now attracted to Rio
What are the challenges and solutions in Rio
Unemployment:
-there are wide contrasts of wealth and unemployment rates in favelas are over 20%
-the schools of tomorrow program aims to improve education in poor and violent areas
Crime
-murder,kidnapping and armed assault occur regularly
-police have taken control over some crime dominated areas
Air Pollution in Rio
air pollution:
-air pollution causes 5000 deaths a year
-smog occurs in natural mist or fog mixes with exhaust fumes
Traffic congestion
-steep mountain limit where roads can go
-the number of cars have grown
-high crime levels mean people prefer to drive
Solutions
-expansion of the metro system
-so toll roads making travel cost more
-making coast roads one way
Water pollution in Rio
Pollution:
-Guanabara bay is highly polluted
-Rivers are polluted by open sewers in the favelas because there are no sewer pipes
-Oil spills
Solutions
-ships are fined for discharging fuel illegally
-12 new sewage works have been built
-5 km of sewage pipes have been built
Waste pollution
Many favelas are on steep slopes with few proper roads so waste collection is difficult
most waste is dumped and polluted the water system
A power plant has been set up which consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day
Why have favelas grown?
Favelas or squatter settlements are illegal settlements where people build homes on land they do not own this is largely caused by the high cost of housing in Rio
