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Geography > Urban Growth > Flashcards

Urban Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Differences in rural settlements and urban settlements

A
  • urban ones are larger
  • land uses are different e.g rural includes crops and woodlands and urban is houses, factories, offices
  • functions are different
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2
Q

What is a function and examples of ones for rural and urban

A

The settlements purpose - why it is there and what it does.
Rural - farming
Urban - industry, port, tourism

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3
Q

What does urbanisation mean

A

The process by which the percentage of people living in urban areas increase generally because people are moving from rural to urban

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4
Q

In which parts of the world does urbanisation occur more rapidly in

A

Poorer countries e.g south east Asia

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5
Q

What is urban growth

A

The physical spread of a town or city meaning it covers a large area

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6
Q

What did the agricultural revolution mean

A

Fewer workers were needed on farms which pushed people out of the country side at the same time workers were needed in new factories in towns.

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7
Q

When did urban growth occur in richer countries

A

During the 19th century because of the agricultural revolution and continued to the 20th century

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8
Q

Two reasons or hyper-urbanisation in poorer countries

A
  • massive rural to urban migration due to push factors like bad harvests and pull factors like good pay
  • high fertility rates and natural increase
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9
Q

Four advantages of big cities for poorer countries

A
  • big cities attract investment from large foreign owners transnational companies
  • variety of job opportunities increase
  • jobs in informal sector let people gain skills
  • basic services are better e.g sanitation and electricity
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10
Q

What are the main parts of the burgess land use model

A

Central business district
The inner city (zone in transition)
Suburbs

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11
Q

Characteristics of CBD

A

Found in the centre.

High concentration of shops and offices like department stores and high order shops.

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12
Q

Characteristics of inner city

A

Located next to CBD . Mix of industry and older, high density housing like terraces.
High rise flats built in 1960s and newer redevelopment e.g London dockLands

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13
Q

Characteristics of the suburbs

A

Mainly housing or residential areas which have grown into countryside.
Older ones include semi-detached with new estate towards outskirts.

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14
Q

Three reasons there is a housing shortage in the uk

A
  • population is increasing
  • number of households is increasing e.g because of divorce
  • more people like alone like young people before they are married and old people living longer
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15
Q

What are greenfield sights

A

Land that has not yet been developed

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16
Q

What are brownfield sights

A

Old industrial or inner city site cleared for development

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17
Q

Three advantages to greenfield sights

A
  • sight hasn’t been built on before for its quicker to prepare
  • land is cheaper on the outskirts
  • more attractive
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18
Q

Four disadvantages to building on greenfield sights

A
  • countryside and habitats lost
  • wildlife threatened
  • new roads are built
  • more pollution
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19
Q

Three advantages to building on brownfield sights

A
  • easier to get planning permission
  • services like electricity are already in place
  • closer to CBD for work and shops
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20
Q

Three disadvantage to building on brownfield land

A
  • land may be expensive
  • sites polluted and expressive to clear up
  • may be a small sight
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21
Q

What are the environmental problems faced by inner cities

A
  • poor quality housing either old terraces or cheap tower blocks
  • many derelict buildings like factories
  • lack of open green space
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22
Q

What are the social problems faced by inner cities

A
  • lots of pensioners, single parent families, students and ethnic minority’s
  • poorer than average health, high drug abusers and crime
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23
Q

What are the economic problems faced by inner cities

A
  • higher than average levels of unemployment

- low income and widespread poverty

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24
Q

Why were urban development (UDCs) set up in some cities

A

To help tackle some of the problems of decling inner city areas

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25
Q

What is a case study for an UDC

A

Th London dockLands

26
Q

Economic improvements because of the London dockLands

A
  • creation of jobs (85000 people work in dockLands)
  • attraction of businesses (2700 located there now)
  • public and private investment
27
Q

What were some environmental positives to the London dockLands

A
  • 144km new and improved roads and rail links (London light railway)
  • derelict land claimed and made more attractive
28
Q

What were the social positives of the London dockLands

A
  • 24000 homes built

- investments in new schools

29
Q

What are the problems of the London dockLands

A
  • a lot of the jobs created were just moved from other parts of Britain
  • conflict of interest between new comers and original residents
  • jobs didn’t match the skills of locals
  • house prices rose
30
Q

What is a case study for a city challenge partnership

A

Hulme city partnership in Manchester

31
Q

What are some features of the hulme city partnership in Manchester

A
  • 3000 new homes
  • varied accommodation for everyone (large families, single parents, first time)
  • friendly welcoming architecture
  • homes designed to conserve water
  • old church redeveloped to provide facilities for dance and art (Zion arts centre)
  • well equipped play and sports area
  • schools built
32
Q

Three environmental impacts of traffic

A
  • air pollution
  • noise pollution
  • buildings discoloured
33
Q

Two social problems caused by traffic

A
  • impact on health (respiratory conditions, asthma)

- increased danger of accidents

34
Q

Economic problems of traffic

A
  • loss of time for business
  • increased commuting time for workers
  • discourages people from visiting settlement
35
Q

What is a case study to reduce traffic problems

A

London congestion charge

36
Q

What is the London congestion charge

A

Drivers are charged £8 between 7am and 6pm for driving in the congestion charge zone in central London but residents are offered a discount

37
Q

What is the fine for non payment in the London congestion zone

A

£60-£180

38
Q

What is the aim of the London congestion charge

A

Discourage drivers from using the zone during peak hours and use public transport instead which reduces congestion, the pollution and the cost to the economy

39
Q

What is the money generated from the London congestion zone used for

A

Improving public transport so old buses have been removed from arrive and the use of Oyster cards make it easier to pay for travel

40
Q

What is boris bikes

A

An easy to use bike hire scheme in London to encourage cycling there are more than 10,000 bikes and 700 docking stations

41
Q

Five reason the CBD goes into decline

A
  • congestion reduces accessibility
  • vacant building put off shoppers
  • long journey
  • parking is expensive and hard to find
  • increAse in online shopping
42
Q

How do Leeds rejuvenate their CBD

A

Beautification e.g hanging baskets.
Pedestrianisation e.g briggate.
Attractive street furniture e.g bench aand street lighting.
Attracting big name stores like Harvey Nichols.
All weather shopping environment the trinity centre.
CCTV to reduce crime.
New residential developments.

43
Q

Three reasons of segregation

A
  • people from same ethnic group feel safer and secure with people sharing same ideas and beliefs
  • people may cluster round speciality facilities like polish shop or places of worship
  • immigrants take low paid jobs so live in low cost housing
44
Q

What is a case study to increase the integration of ethnic groups

A

Leeds

45
Q

Three ways Leeds would increase the intergration of ethnic groups

A
  • additional funding for schools to support students with English as second language
  • basic skills training to increase employment
  • providing facilities that encourage meeting of all section of community
46
Q

Case study for rapid urbanisation in poorer country leading to environmental problems

A

Mumbai

47
Q

Problems in Mumbai

A

Traffic congestion and air pollution - rickshaws and donkeys clogging streets and many vehicles old with inefficient exhaust systems

Water pollution - bathing and wash in river Mithi is dangerous as increase in chemical pollutants and raw sewage (800 million litres a day)

Electronic waste - poor dismantle imported PCs to get valuable metal but toxic chemicals like led can be bad

48
Q

Solution to the environmental problems in Mumbai

A
  • more public toilets to reduce sewer in river
  • waste discharged from favourites are checked
  • new metro system
  • barred diesel fuel in taxis
  • 80% of plastic is recycled by residents in squatter settlement Dharavi
49
Q

Locations of squatter settlements

A
  • steep slopes left free as expensive and dangerous
  • low lying swampy areas that flood
  • near rubbish tips or polluted areas
  • spare land near transport routes and employment opportunities
50
Q

Five characteristics of squatter settlements

A
  • illegal
  • homemade built from what they can find e.g wood, iron , oil drum (fire hazard)
  • high density and overcrowding
  • only 1 or 2 rooms
  • lack basic amenities like electricity often one street tap is shared by everyone
51
Q

How is poor health and disease a problem in squatter settlements

A

water borne diseases like cholera due to pollution and sewage. Piles of rubbish are breeding ground for disease

52
Q

How is rapid spread of disease a problem in squatter settlements

A

Due to overcrowding and high density housing

53
Q

Why is crime high in some squatter settlements

A

Areas controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Large number of street children who have run away or been abandoned.

54
Q

Two economic problems associated with squatter settlements

A
  • Poverty and lack of income due to limited nine be of jobs because of lots of migrants with few skills.
  • large informal sector e.g shoe shiner, domestic servant, scavenger on waste tips so less government revenue from some taxes so limited fund to improve services
55
Q

A case study for a squatter settlements

A

Mumbai

56
Q

What does the government want to do to help Mumbai

A

Clear slum housing areas such as Dharavi to make way for new development so land occupied by slum dwellers is given away to developers as long as alternative housing is provided somewhere else in the city usually in high rise blocks

57
Q

What have slum dwellers in Dharavi done to improve Mumbai

A

People work together to improve home like replacing wood and plastic with bricks and mortar then adding electricity and water.

58
Q

How do community initiatives help Mumbai

A

Micro-lending agencies help support those in need e.g women set up saving clubs with money made available for those in need

59
Q

What is a sustainable city

A

Urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time. Environment not damaged and economic and social fabric of city is able to stand as a result of local involvement. Resources preserves and living standard remains good.

60
Q

6 ways urban living can be made more sustainable

A
  • new houses are well insulated and use renewable energy
  • more open space and greenery to provide habitats and GQOL
  • improve public transport to reduce congestion
  • use brownfield sites to make use of waste land and improve appearance
  • re use reduce recycle to preserve resources
  • involve communities in decision making to grow community spirit
61
Q

What is a case study for sustainable development

A

BedZED

62
Q

7 points that make BedZED sustainable

A
  • low carbon zero energy development of 100 homes
  • ventilation chimneys reduce central heating need
  • large south facing Windows trap Suns heat
  • homes collect rain water to re use
  • homes only use 10% of heat from normal homes
  • 10% construction materials from waste timber
  • public transport (5 min walk from train station)

Geography (3 decks)

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