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Geography > Tourism > Flashcards

Tourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tourism

A

Involves activities that require travel from home and staying away from home for at least one night

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2
Q

Social and economic factors affecting tourism

A
  • people are wealthier so disposable income is larger
  • fewer children
  • car ownership has grown
  • more leisure time
  • life expectancy has risen so more are retired
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3
Q

What is disposable income

A

The amount left to spend as you wish after essentials such as housing food and bills are paid

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4
Q

How has improvement in technology and infrastructure affected tourism

A
  • travel is quick and easy e.g motor ways
  • flying is cheaper and booking online is easier
  • improvement in hotels and tourism services
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5
Q

How has tourism destinations changed

A

Coastal resorts were popular and national parks were opening but competition from package holidays to places like Spain meant it declined. Ecotourism and extreme tourism are now popular.

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6
Q

What are five benefits of tourism from poorer countries

A
  • increased in number and variety of jobs
  • small businesses have started to serve tourists like taxis
  • tourist use foreign money which is essential for origin to buy from abroad
  • indirect job creation
  • improvement in infrastructure and public services
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7
Q

Why do many governments in poorer countries tax visitors

A

To help pay for extra services they use such as water supply, drainage, electric and roads

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8
Q

What is the multiplier effect and how does it work

A

Encouraging the growth of services and other businesses.
New hotel creates jobs and attracts tourists and other businesses. More jobs and workers spend income in local area. Taxes spent to help community. More popular. Money lost in leakage.

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9
Q

Disasters of tourism in poorer countries

A
  • higher paid managerial jobs go to people from wealthier countries
  • rely too much on tourism
  • many jobs are low paid service jobs
  • profit lost through leakage
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10
Q

What is leakage

A

Profit made by tourism are taken out of the country and don’t benefit the host country

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11
Q

Why are people attracted to coastal areas

A
  • 3s sun sand and sea

- key geographical factor is climate

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12
Q

What are people attracted to mountains

A
  • the 2s snow and scenery

- key geographical factors are climate and relief

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13
Q

Why are people attracted to cities

A
  • basic attractions are varied but mostly human
  • historical buildings, palaces, bridges, opera houses, museums
  • major events like sporting and Olympic Games
  • uniqueness like Venice and its canals
  • key geographical factor is human
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14
Q

Why did tourism grow and decline in the uk

A
  • railways let people on lower income go on holiday
  • After the war government introduced a weeks paid holiday
  • passenger jets made travel cheaper
  • tempted by hot weather and culture
  • British resorts declined
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15
Q

Why is tourism regarded as one of the Uks key long term growth sectors

A

It’s provides employment for people directly and indirectly and millions of visitors come from overseas

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16
Q

What can cause a decline in tourism

A
  • wet summers
  • unemployment rates rise so people can’t afford to go away
  • terrorism
  • exchange rates and banking crisis
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17
Q

What led to national parks in the U.K. Being created

A

Scenic environment inland has increased in popularity and the pressure of visitors and conflict between visitors and local people in these areas led to them being created

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18
Q

Where are many national parks situated

A

In upland areas, a few in lowlands and coastal and the majority of the land is owned by farmers

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19
Q

What is a national park

A

An area of beautiful and relatively wild countryside

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20
Q

What are the two aims of creating a national park

A

To preserve and enhance and areas natural beauty

To promote people’s enjoyment of the countryside

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21
Q

What are examples of management tasks for national parks

A
  • managing the land, undertaking conservation work, planting woodland, repairing footpaths
  • working with local landowner
  • controlling building and new commercial development
  • setting up facilities like information boards
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22
Q

What is a honey pot site

A

A location attracting a large number of tourists who due to their numbers place pressure on the environment and people

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23
Q

What does the butler tourist resort life cycle model say

A

Any roust resort starts in a small scale develops into something more significant then either goes into decline or make changes to maintain its attraction

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24
Q

What are the six stages of the butler model

A

1- exploration (some visitors attracted by something good like beach)
2- involvement (local people see opportunity and provide services)
3 - development (large companies build hotels and number of tourists rise and jobs also)
4 - consolidation (tourism major part of economy and stead visitors. Some places become old)
5 - stagnation (resort unfashionable and numbers stabilise or decline)
6 - decline (day tripped and weekenders become source of income. Unemployment) or rejuvenation (attempt to modernise to attract people)

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25
Q

Case study for coastal resort

A

Blackpool

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26
Q

What are the main features of Blackpool

A
  • A beach
  • a promenade
  • donkeys
  • Blackpool tower
  • block pool illuminations (started in 1979)
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27
Q

Why did Blackpool grow in popularity

A
  • railway linked it to Manchester and made it accessible
  • factory workers visited on bank holidays
  • annual holidays meant people visited for a week
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28
Q

Problems of Blackpool declining

A
  • visitors dropped from 17 million to 11 million
  • 1000 hotels ceased trading
  • 300 holiday flat premises closed
  • B&B prices down to £10 leaving no money for investment
  • things looked run down
29
Q

Why did Blackpool go into decline

A
  • unreliable summer weather
  • beach erosion during storms
  • beach and sand pollution
  • unemployment out of season
  • families frightened off by drinking culture
  • overcrowding and jams on bank holiday
  • package holidays taking customers away
30
Q

Strategies to improve Blackpool

A
  • beaches cleaned up and facilities improved
  • Blackpool illuminations are being transformed by a £10 million investment
  • pleasure beach and the big one used to be fastest roller coaster
  • wanted the super-casino
31
Q

How effective the strategies were in rejuvenating Blackpool

A
  • no super Casino as it went to Manchester but never made
  • pleasure beach is most visited attraction in U.K. But numbers fell from 7 to 6 million from 2000 to 2005
  • too big for small solutions
  • not a wealthy town and high rates of unemployment and deprivation
32
Q

What is mass tourism

A

Large numbers of tourists coming to one destination and there are usually a great concentration of hotels and other tourist facilities = development and cosolidation of BM

33
Q

Who are economic losses greater for in mass tourism

A

Local people often the elderly who are less able to adapt to the new economy and suffer greatest social loss as cultural traditions and community ties are lost

34
Q

Why are some countries not been successful with tourism

A
  • inaccessible locations
  • climate too extreme for comfort
  • lack of environments that are of interest
  • political instability
  • government hostile to tourists
35
Q

What are 5 economic gains from mass tourism

A
  • greater earn of foreign exchange
  • new opportunities from the great increase in number and variety of service occupations
  • new infrastructure can benefit other industries and local people
  • low income jobs converted to provide better living like fishing boats used for tours
  • new leisure facilities
36
Q

What are economic losses of mass tourism

A
  • some local people like farmers lose livelihood
  • visitors fluctuate so popularity may want
  • seasonal jobs poorly paid and unskilled
  • high earning jobs go to not local people
  • not appealing to wealthy people
  • local people may not be able to afford new facilities
  • tourists like familiar food so it’s imported
  • leakage
37
Q

What are 2 environmental gains from mass tourism

A
  • greater awareness of the need for conservation of landscape features, vegetation and wild life
  • income from tourists may pay for management conservation and repairs
38
Q

What are 5 environmental losses from mass tourism

A
  • destruction of environments to build hotels and roads
  • loss of rural peace and quiet
  • pollution problems from litter and sewage in lakes
  • specific local issues like divers damaging reefs or footpath erosion
  • local farmers sell land to let new development = decrease in food production
39
Q

What is the case study for mass tourism

A

Kenya

40
Q

What are the physical attractions of mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • wildlife you can see the big five from elephants, lions, leopard, buffalo and rhino (up to 80% of visitors)
  • mountains e.g Mt Kenya
  • coasts (white sandy beaches)
  • coral reefs with over 240 types of fish
  • climate is warm
41
Q

What are the human attractions of Kenya mass tourism

A
  • safaris where tourists are driven around so they can view wildlife
  • balloon safaris
  • treks up mountains
  • local tribes e.g costing Masai people doing dances
  • glass bottom boat trips
  • colourful bazaars in Mombasa
42
Q

Why did tourism develop in Kenya as mass tourism

A
  • 45 national parks and game reserve
  • government promoted tourism and seen as a way to tackle unemployment and poverty
  • not racked with civil war like neighbours of Somalia
43
Q

Benefits of mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • relies on inflows of foreign exchange
  • provides lots of jobs in serve industry (250,000 direct)
  • other economic sectors benefit because of multiplier effect
  • more surviving wildlife in Kenya than if the game parks hadn’t been created
  • without tourism land would have been ploughed up or used for grazing
44
Q

Economic problems as a result of mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • disputed election led to tribal violence and riots so there were mass cancellations of bookings leading to a drop in the economy. Visitor numbers fluctuate as its image had been tarnished.
45
Q

Environmental problems of mass Tourism in Kenya

A
  • Coral reefs had anchors dropped on them and coral taken as souvenirs
  • in game parks drivers want to get closer to animals and leave main tracks and disturbs the wildlife.
  • in wet seasons buses churn up the ground or cause dust storms.
  • in Masai Mara too many visitors (8000) leading to a lot of ques of minibuses to view an animal.
  • number of wildebeest fell from 800,000 to 300,000 in 20 years.
  • staff open to bribery and ignore poaching
46
Q

What are some social problems to mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • conflicts between local tribes the Masai and authorities
  • driven off their land to make way for game parks
  • crops get trampled and cattle gets eaten bc they had to move close to game parks as lack of land.
  • villagers are injured and sometimes killed but can’t kill the animals
  • less than 2% of money spent at Masai Mara park benefited the Masai people
47
Q

What are some strategies to deal with mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • developing new activities like rafting and canoeing
  • achieve better distribution of tourists to reduce pressure on hotspots
  • environmental concerns is a new programme to curb tourist numbers and doubling park entry fees
  • big hopes for ecotourism
48
Q

What is an extreme environment

A

Places where few people live due to difficult physical conditionals e.g too hot

49
Q

Why is extreme tourism becoming more popular

A
  • tourists more adventurous
  • air travel made remote places accessible
  • attracted to the emptiness
  • see natural worlds that are totally different
  • adrenaline rush
50
Q

What are wilderness areas

A

Natural worlds that are totally different from the ones we normally live in

51
Q

What are the characteristics of an adventure tourist

A

Often in their 30s, unmarried and without children and a large disposable income

52
Q

Why is it cheap for extreme tourism

A

Because little investment is needed for hotels or anything as part of the experience is to sleep rough and travel to untouched destinations

53
Q

What is a case study for an extreme tourism

A

Antarctica with over 40,000 visitors

54
Q

What are tourists attracted to in Antarctica

A
  • magnificent scenery e.g glaciers and icebergs
  • wildlife like emperor penguins whales and seals
  • remoteness and extremeness add a sense of adventure
  • more than 90% is covered in ice
  • walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing, scuba diving
55
Q

What are the protection measures put in place for Antarctica

A
  • international assosiation of Antarctica tour operators (IAATO) which had guidelines
56
Q

What are the guidelines for the IAATO in Antarctica

A
  • no more than 100 on shore at a time
  • no souvenirs
  • discharge or waste by ship in sea is not allowed
  • not allowed within 5m of penguin
  • not allowed to visit sights of special scientific interest ( 8 of them)
  • responsible tour operators hired
  • no ship carrying over 500 allowed to land
  • permit to do activity must be gained
57
Q

Positive impact of extreme tourism in Antarctica

A
  • tour operators contribute money to conserve Antarctica
  • visitors become advocates for protection of Antarctica
  • tourism conserved sights like Scott’s hut
58
Q

Negative impacts of extreme tourism in Antarctica

A
  • boats visit same penguins and disturb the birds
  • not used to humans and don’t like being touched if they leave as a result they may abandon their egg and young
  • tourists trample fragile plants like lichen and leave litter
  • oil spills
59
Q

What is the future for Antarctica

A
  • concern large ships will eventually be allowed to land and tourism will go beyond sustainable
  • breeding patterns may be disrupted
  • development of land base tourism is bad
  • may come to see it as a theme park rather than a nature reserve
60
Q

What is stewardship

A

The personal responsibility for looking after things in this case the environment. No one should damage the present or future environment.

61
Q

What is conservation

A

The careful and planned use of resources in order to manage and maintain the natural environment for future generations

62
Q

What is the tourism tragedy in Kenya

A

Off road mini busses ruining vegetation
Sewage in rivers
Trees cut down for wood
Animals changing hunting habits to avoid tourism

63
Q

What is ecotourism

A

Environmentally rue sky tourism. Protecting the environment respecting local cultures benefiting local communities conserving natural resources and causes minimum pollution

64
Q

What are the three aims of ecotourism

A
  • environmentally sound (natural environment and wildlife safeguarded)
  • socially sound (consider the needs of locals)
  • sustainable (looking after today’s tourist needs does not damage those of the future)
65
Q

What 5 things are ecotourists looking for

A
  • ability to experience natural environment directly
  • a low impact holiday
  • small scale accommodation in lodges
  • local food
  • local guides with their knowledge
66
Q

Limitations of ecotourism

A

It is small scale and the price paid by each tourist is high so market for it is limited. Local people may not be well educated so may be vulnerable to cheating operators.

67
Q

What is a case study for ecotourism

A

Kenya

68
Q

What is the base camp naboisho conservancy project in Kenya

A

A scheme that covers 20,000 hectares of the Masai Mara and had a dense wildlife.
Travel companies lease the Masai land so the masai Get a monthly rent.
Reforestation programmes, training and education for people, health clinic, water.
Souvenir shops have each item labelled with name of women who made it guaranteeing the profit goes to them.
Tourists stay in luxury tents that have little impact.
Safari tours on foot led by the Masai rather than vehicles.

Geography (3 decks)

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