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Geography > Population Change > Flashcards

Population Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What does exponential growth mean

A

The rate of growth has become increasingly rapid

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2
Q

What does birth rate mean

A

The number of babies born alive per 1000 people. The more economically developed the country the lower the birth rate

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3
Q

What does death rate mean

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year. For both LEDCs and MEDCs the death rate is pretty similar

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4
Q

What is natural increase

A

The different between birth rates and death rates in a country. It is a useful measure of a populations growth or decline.

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5
Q

What is the DTM

A

The demographic transition model

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6
Q

What does the DTM show

A

How changes in birth rates and death rates affect population growth in countries at different stages of development

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7
Q

What Happens at stage 1 of the DTM

A

Both birth and death rates are high and fluctuate. Population growth is either stable or slow

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8
Q

What happens at stage 2 of the DTM

A

Birth rates stay high but death rates decline rapidly. Very rapid population growth

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9
Q

What happens at stage 3 of the DTM

A

Death rates continue to fall but slower. Birth rates also fall. Population growth slows down

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10
Q

What happens at stage 4 of the DTM

A

Both birth and death rates are low. Population growth is slow or stable

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11
Q

What happens at stage 5 in the DTM

A

Birth rate is very low and so is death rate. There is a decrease in population

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12
Q

Four reasons why birth rates are still high in some countries

A
  • children needed for farming
  • children die at early age because infant mortality is high
  • no family planning
  • religious/ social encouragement like catholic societies
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13
Q

5 reasons death rates are high in some countries

A
  • disease
  • famine
  • no access to clean water
  • poor medical knowledge
  • many children die in high infant mortality rate
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14
Q

5 reasons birth rates fall in some countries

A
  • fewer children needed
  • improved education and status of women
  • access to affordable family planning
  • later marriages
  • improvements in health and medicinal care (low infant mortality)
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15
Q

3 reasons death rates fall in some countries

A
  • improvement in medical care and diet
  • improvement in water supply and sanitation
  • lower infant mortality rate
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16
Q

Name a country for each stage of the DTM

A 
1 - remote groups
2 - The Gambia
3 - Brazil 
4 - Uk
5 - Japan
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17
Q

What four factors have a big impact on global population growth rates

A

Agriculture change
Urbanisation
Education
Status of women

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18
Q

What is population structure

A

The make up of a population in terms of age, sex and life expectancy. Shown using population pyramids

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19
Q

What does a population pyramid show

A

Males on the left and females on the right.
Horizontal axis in percentages.
Central vertical axis shows age categories.
Lower part is base, the upper part or apex shows the elderly.

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20
Q

Describe and explain the shape of a population pyramid for a poorer country

A

Wide base because of high birth rate.
Sides narrow quickly (concave) because of high infant mortality rates.
Narrow apex because death rate high and life expectancy low so pyramid is short.

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21
Q

What is a young dependant

A

Someone below the working age that depends on the economically active population

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22
Q

Describe and explain the shape of a population pyramid for a richer country

A

Narrow base bc low birth rates.
Straight sides bc low infant mortality and many live to an of age.
Wide apex bc high life expectancy.
Pyramid tall.

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23
Q

What is an elderly dependant

A

Someone retired who replies on the economically active populations

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24
Q

Examples of rapid population growth causing economic problems

A

Unemployment
Large informal economy
Low living standards
Huge international debt

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25
Q

Examples of rapid population growth causing social problems

A

Overcrowding and growth of shanty towns
Inadequate public services
Rising crime

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26
Q

Examples of rapid population growth causing environmental problems

A 
Overgrazing and over cultivation
Water
Land and air pollution
Deforestation 
Soil erosion
Traffic congestion
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27
Q

Examples of rapid population growth causing political problems

A

Unstable government
Civil unrest
Tension between different races

28
Q

A country with no population policy

A

Philippines as it is mainly catholic so no birth control. Limited access to contraception and abortion is illegal

29
Q

A country with a moderate population policy

A

France with a pronatalist policy with paid maternity leave

30
Q

A country with a strict population policy

A

China with a one child policy and has penalties for those with more

31
Q

Two benefits for people who obey the rules of China’s one child policy

A
  • Free health care and education available

- free family planning often through work

32
Q

What are three consequences for couples that disobey China’s one child policy

A

Heavy fine
10% salary cut
Health and education need to be paid by the family

33
Q

Two pieces of evidence that child’s one child policy has been beneficial

A
  • birth rates fallen and population growth slowed

- enough jobs and food and increased technology and exploitation of resources have increased standard of living

34
Q

Three pieces of evidence showing China’s one child policy has caused problems

A
  • boys are more valuable than girls leading to unbalanced population (110 to 100)
  • ageing population causing dependency problems
  • little emperor syndrome
35
Q

Two ways China’s policy has relaxed in recent years

A
  • relaxed in rural areas. Women can have a second child if first was a girl bc sons inherit the farm and parents need someone to look after them
  • young couples who are only children are allowed two children to ensure there are enough workers
36
Q

Example of an Ledc that has reduced its population growth

A

Kerala

37
Q

Eight actions the government has taken in Kerala

A
  • improving education and treating boys and girls as equal
  • providing adult literacy classes
  • educating people on the benefits of smaller families
  • reducing infant mortality rate by improving child health e.g vacinations
  • providing free contraception and advice
  • encouraging higher age of marriage
  • allowing maternity leave for first 2 babies
  • extra retirement benefits for those with small families
38
Q

What is an ageing population

A

An increasing proportion of elderly people because of low birth rates and high life expectancy. Results in a high dependency radio

39
Q

How is healthcare a problem to the Uks ageing population

A
  • demand will increase because more illness in old age
  • the elderly visit their GP more with more hospital appointments
  • currently half NHS budget for the over 65s
40
Q

How are social services a problem to the Uks ageing population

A
  • they need services like nursing homes, day care centres and people to help care for themselves
  • these are expensive and put financial pressure on a country
41
Q

How is the pension crisis a problem to the Uks ageing population

A

The pension bill is increasing each year

22 people of working age for every retired person in 2024 it will be 3.

42
Q

5 things the Uk has done to tackle the ageing population

A
  • pension age rise to 68 by 2050
  • NHS restricts access to drugs for diseases of old age
  • financial benefits and employment rights for Pregnant women
  • to offset worker shortages the government welcomes migrant workers
43
Q

What is migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another

44
Q

What are the different types of migration

A
  • permanent or temporary
  • internal or external
  • forced or voluntary
45
Q

What are some general reasons people migrate

A

Physical reasons e.g earthquakes
Human reasons e.g war
Economical reasons e.g for work
Social reasons e.g for family

46
Q

What are push and pull factors

A

Negative factors about a persons home that pushes them out and positive aspects of a new place that pulls them to it

47
Q

What is an example of a voluntary migration

A

Poland to the U.K.

48
Q

3 Positives on The country of origin when Poland people migrate to the uk

A

Migrants can send money back to families where it is spent locally on services. (Remittance) as they earn up to 4-5x more.
May reduce pressure on resources.
migrants may return with new skills.

49
Q

3 Negatives on The country of origin when Poland people migrate to the uk

A

Loss of labour when young people move.
Loss of trained people with skills needed.
Family separation.

50
Q

6 positives on the country of destination when Poland people migrate to the uk

A 
Bring new skills.
Pay tax and contribute to the economy.
Willing to take unwanted jobs.
Transfer of knowledge.
Enabling economic development.
Cultural exchange of ideas and lifestyle.
51
Q

2 Negatives on the country of destination when Poland people migrate to the uk

A

Strains on resources for host country e.g housing, education, healthcare.
Migrants live in the same area which can lead to tension and discrimination with original inhabitants.

52
Q

Why does Europe need immigrant workers give two reasons

A
  • falling birth rates result in lack of workers

- ageing population so more elderly dependants

53
Q

Why do high skilled workers come to the EU

A

To take jobs in areas of shortage e.g teaching, nursing and high tech computer jobs and about 20% are graduates.

54
Q

What is a refugee

A

Someone who has been forced to leave their home country because of war, persecution or natural disaster

55
Q

How many refugees are in the world

A

33 million and about 5.6 million in Europe

56
Q

What is an asylum seeker

A

A refugees who makes a formal application to stay and live in a country when they arrive there

57
Q

Three impacts refugees have on a destination country

A
  • pressure on housing and services like education
  • tension it’s original habitants
  • refugees many have specific needs as a result of the trauma they have suffered
58
Q

Effects of keralas population policy

A
  • more girls go to university than boys
  • the right to literacy programme helping people read and write is always well attended
  • free libraries
  • land redistributed so no one was landless
  • no more than 8 acres (big family’s at disadvantage)
59
Q

How to work out dependency ratio

A

Number of dependant people divided by number or independent people x 100

60
Q

What are the benefits of the Uks ageing population

A
  • voluntary work
  • free childcare
  • the grey pound
  • companies rely on them e.g mobility vehicles
  • work beyond retirement
61
Q

What are 10 push factors (pull factors are the opposite of this)

A 
Unemployment
Lack or safety
Lack of sanitation
Poverty
Crop failure
Drought
War
Hazards 
Isolation
62
Q

What is an illegal immigrant

A

People who have immigrated illegally and will be deported back to their country

63
Q

What is an example of a youthful population

A

The Gambia

64
Q

Problems about The Gambia

A

45% of population are under 15

11 mothers die for every 1000 births

65
Q

Solutions about The Gambia

A

Child vaccinations and maternal health programmes

Forest conservation policies

66
Q

Example of forced migration and some facts

A

Refugees Into EU

Refugees have drowned e.g on boats in Mediterranean
From Syria especially children and Iraq
Sweden takes a lot

Geography (3 decks)

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