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Population Change Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What does exponential growth mean

A

The rate of growth has become increasingly rapid

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2
Q

What does birth rate mean

A

The number of babies born alive per 1000 people. The more economically developed the country the lower the birth rate

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3
Q

What does death rate mean

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year. For both LEDCs and MEDCs the death rate is pretty similar

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4
Q

What is natural increase

A

The different between birth rates and death rates in a country. It is a useful measure of a populations growth or decline.

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5
Q

What is the DTM

A

The demographic transition model

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6
Q

What does the DTM show

A

How changes in birth rates and death rates affect population growth in countries at different stages of development

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7
Q

What Happens at stage 1 of the DTM

A

Both birth and death rates are high and fluctuate. Population growth is either stable or slow

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8
Q

What happens at stage 2 of the DTM

A

Birth rates stay high but death rates decline rapidly. Very rapid population growth

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9
Q

What happens at stage 3 of the DTM

A

Death rates continue to fall but slower. Birth rates also fall. Population growth slows down

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10
Q

What happens at stage 4 of the DTM

A

Both birth and death rates are low. Population growth is slow or stable

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11
Q

What happens at stage 5 in the DTM

A

Birth rate is very low and so is death rate. There is a decrease in population

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12
Q

Four reasons why birth rates are still high in some countries

A
  • children needed for farming
  • children die at early age because infant mortality is high
  • no family planning
  • religious/ social encouragement like catholic societies
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13
Q

5 reasons death rates are high in some countries

A
  • disease
  • famine
  • no access to clean water
  • poor medical knowledge
  • many children die in high infant mortality rate
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14
Q

5 reasons birth rates fall in some countries

A
  • fewer children needed
  • improved education and status of women
  • access to affordable family planning
  • later marriages
  • improvements in health and medicinal care (low infant mortality)
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15
Q

3 reasons death rates fall in some countries

A
  • improvement in medical care and diet
  • improvement in water supply and sanitation
  • lower infant mortality rate
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16
Q

Name a country for each stage of the DTM

A 
1 - remote groups
2 - The Gambia
3 - Brazil 
4 - Uk
5 - Japan
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17
Q

What four factors have a big impact on global population growth rates

A

Agriculture change
Urbanisation
Education
Status of women

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18
Q

What is population structure

A

The make up of a population in terms of age, sex and life expectancy. Shown using population pyramids

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19
Q

What does a population pyramid show

A

Males on the left and females on the right.
Horizontal axis in percentages.
Central vertical axis shows age categories.
Lower part is base, the upper part or apex shows the elderly.

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20
Q

Describe and explain the shape of a population pyramid for a poorer country

A

Wide base because of high birth rate.
Sides narrow quickly (concave) because of high infant mortality rates.
Narrow apex because death rate high and life expectancy low so pyramid is short.

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21
Q

What is a young dependant

A

Someone below the working age that depends on the economically active population

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22
Q

Describe and explain the shape of a population pyramid for a richer country

A

Narrow base bc low birth rates.
Straight sides bc low infant mortality and many live to an of age.
Wide apex bc high life expectancy.
Pyramid tall.

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23
Q

What is an elderly dependant

A

Someone retired who replies on the economically active populations

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24
Q

Examples of rapid population growth causing economic problems

A

Unemployment
Large informal economy
Low living standards
Huge international debt

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25
Examples of rapid population growth causing social problems
Overcrowding and growth of shanty towns Inadequate public services Rising crime
26
Examples of rapid population growth causing environmental problems
``` Overgrazing and over cultivation Water Land and air pollution Deforestation Soil erosion Traffic congestion ```
27
Examples of rapid population growth causing political problems
Unstable government Civil unrest Tension between different races
28
A country with no population policy
Philippines as it is mainly catholic so no birth control. Limited access to contraception and abortion is illegal
29
A country with a moderate population policy
France with a pronatalist policy with paid maternity leave
30
A country with a strict population policy
China with a one child policy and has penalties for those with more
31
Two benefits for people who obey the rules of China's one child policy
- Free health care and education available | - free family planning often through work
32
What are three consequences for couples that disobey China's one child policy
Heavy fine 10% salary cut Health and education need to be paid by the family
33
Two pieces of evidence that child's one child policy has been beneficial
- birth rates fallen and population growth slowed | - enough jobs and food and increased technology and exploitation of resources have increased standard of living
34
Three pieces of evidence showing China's one child policy has caused problems
- boys are more valuable than girls leading to unbalanced population (110 to 100) - ageing population causing dependency problems - little emperor syndrome
35
Two ways China's policy has relaxed in recent years
- relaxed in rural areas. Women can have a second child if first was a girl bc sons inherit the farm and parents need someone to look after them - young couples who are only children are allowed two children to ensure there are enough workers
36
Example of an Ledc that has reduced its population growth
Kerala
37
Eight actions the government has taken in Kerala
- improving education and treating boys and girls as equal - providing adult literacy classes - educating people on the benefits of smaller families - reducing infant mortality rate by improving child health e.g vacinations - providing free contraception and advice - encouraging higher age of marriage - allowing maternity leave for first 2 babies - extra retirement benefits for those with small families
38
What is an ageing population
An increasing proportion of elderly people because of low birth rates and high life expectancy. Results in a high dependency radio
39
How is healthcare a problem to the Uks ageing population
- demand will increase because more illness in old age - the elderly visit their GP more with more hospital appointments - currently half NHS budget for the over 65s
40
How are social services a problem to the Uks ageing population
- they need services like nursing homes, day care centres and people to help care for themselves - these are expensive and put financial pressure on a country
41
How is the pension crisis a problem to the Uks ageing population
The pension bill is increasing each year | 22 people of working age for every retired person in 2024 it will be 3.
42
5 things the Uk has done to tackle the ageing population
- pension age rise to 68 by 2050 - NHS restricts access to drugs for diseases of old age - financial benefits and employment rights for Pregnant women - to offset worker shortages the government welcomes migrant workers
43
What is migration
The movement of people from one place to another
44
What are the different types of migration
- permanent or temporary - internal or external - forced or voluntary
45
What are some general reasons people migrate
Physical reasons e.g earthquakes Human reasons e.g war Economical reasons e.g for work Social reasons e.g for family
46
What are push and pull factors
Negative factors about a persons home that pushes them out and positive aspects of a new place that pulls them to it
47
What is an example of a voluntary migration
Poland to the U.K.
48
3 Positives on The country of origin when Poland people migrate to the uk
Migrants can send money back to families where it is spent locally on services. (Remittance) as they earn up to 4-5x more. May reduce pressure on resources. migrants may return with new skills.
49
3 Negatives on The country of origin when Poland people migrate to the uk
Loss of labour when young people move. Loss of trained people with skills needed. Family separation.
50
6 positives on the country of destination when Poland people migrate to the uk
``` Bring new skills. Pay tax and contribute to the economy. Willing to take unwanted jobs. Transfer of knowledge. Enabling economic development. Cultural exchange of ideas and lifestyle. ```
51
2 Negatives on the country of destination when Poland people migrate to the uk
Strains on resources for host country e.g housing, education, healthcare. Migrants live in the same area which can lead to tension and discrimination with original inhabitants.
52
Why does Europe need immigrant workers give two reasons
- falling birth rates result in lack of workers | - ageing population so more elderly dependants
53
Why do high skilled workers come to the EU
To take jobs in areas of shortage e.g teaching, nursing and high tech computer jobs and about 20% are graduates.
54
What is a refugee
Someone who has been forced to leave their home country because of war, persecution or natural disaster
55
How many refugees are in the world
33 million and about 5.6 million in Europe
56
What is an asylum seeker
A refugees who makes a formal application to stay and live in a country when they arrive there
57
Three impacts refugees have on a destination country
- pressure on housing and services like education - tension it's original habitants - refugees many have specific needs as a result of the trauma they have suffered
58
Effects of keralas population policy
- more girls go to university than boys - the right to literacy programme helping people read and write is always well attended - free libraries - land redistributed so no one was landless - no more than 8 acres (big family's at disadvantage)
59
How to work out dependency ratio
Number of dependant people divided by number or independent people x 100
60
What are the benefits of the Uks ageing population
- voluntary work - free childcare - the grey pound - companies rely on them e.g mobility vehicles - work beyond retirement
61
What are 10 push factors (pull factors are the opposite of this)
``` Unemployment Lack or safety Lack of sanitation Poverty Crop failure Drought War Hazards Isolation ```
62
What is an illegal immigrant
People who have immigrated illegally and will be deported back to their country
63
What is an example of a youthful population
The Gambia
64
Problems about The Gambia
45% of population are under 15 | 11 mothers die for every 1000 births
65
Solutions about The Gambia
Child vaccinations and maternal health programmes | Forest conservation policies
66
Example of forced migration and some facts
Refugees Into EU Refugees have drowned e.g on boats in Mediterranean From Syria especially children and Iraq Sweden takes a lot

Geography (3 decks)

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