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Human Geo > Urban Geography > Flashcards

Urban Geography Flashcards

1
Q

A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

A

City

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2
Q

Globally more people live in _____ than _______.

A

Cities; rural areas

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3
Q

The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm, encompassing the city.

A

Urban

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4
Q

An urban place is non-______ and non-_________.

A

Rural and agricultural

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5
Q

Where is urbanization happening?

A

Everywhere

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6
Q

In the later part of the twentieth century where did China establish a SEZ?

A

Guangdong Province

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7
Q

What has changed in urbanization from when it first developed to now?

A

The amount of time it takes to happen. It went from long periods of time, to shorter, rapid periods.

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8
Q

When were the first cities established?

A

8000 ya

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9
Q

When was the first modern city established?

A

200 ya

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10
Q

A village where everyone was involved in agriculture and lived in near subsistence levels, producing just enough to get by.

A

Agricultural Village

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11
Q

Populations were permanent and there was a common land and common goods that were shared between people.

A

Egalitarian Village

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12
Q

Two components that enable the formation of a city:

A

Agricultural Surplus, and Social Stratification

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13
Q

What had to be established in order for agricultural surplus to take place?

A

A leadership class

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14
Q

The urban elite

A

Leadership class

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15
Q

The urban elite control these aspects of food:

A

Supply, storage, production, and distribution

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16
Q

How many separate hearths did the First Urban Revolution have?

A

Five separate hearths; The Fertile Crescent, Mesoamerica, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, and Huang He River Valley

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17
Q

The region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates

A

Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent or Southwest Asia

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18
Q

Rulers in Mesopotamia were both ______ and _______.

A

Kings and priests.

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19
Q

Archaeologists learn much about ancient cities and hearths by looking at their ______.

A

Urban morphology.

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20
Q

What was the main cause of small populations in ancient cities?

A

Disease from poor sanitation and waste disposal

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21
Q

What was the first hearth of urbanization?

A

Mesopotamia

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22
Q

What was the second hearth of urbanization?

A

The Nile River Valley

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23
Q

What is the third hearth of urbanization?

A

The Indus River Valley

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24
Q

What is the fourth hearth of urbanization?

A

The Huang He and Wei River valleys

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25
Q

What is the fifth hearth of urbanization?

A

Mesoamerica

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26
Q

Ancient cities were centers of ______ and _______, and they were also __________ _______.

A

Religion, power, and economic nodes

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27
Q

The ancient cities of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley had about how many inhabitants?

A

10,000-15,000

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28
Q

At what time did Greece become the one of the most highly urbanized areas on earth?

A

500bce

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29
Q

Ancient Greece encompassed a network of __________ cities and towns.

A

More than 500

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30
Q

How many estimated inhabitants lived in Athens?

A

250,000

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31
Q

What does acro mean?

A

High point

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32
Q

What does polis mean?

A

City

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33
Q

Every city in Ancient Greece had a what?

A

Acropolis

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34
Q

Southwestern Asian cities were described as:

A

Cramped and crowded, bustling with activity

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35
Q

Ancient Greek cities were described as:

A

Open and spacious, a great meeting place for people and culture

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36
Q

Agora means:

A

Market

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37
Q

Was Greece a hearth of urbanization?

A

No.

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38
Q

Urbanization diffused from Greece to where?

A

Rome

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39
Q

Romans were good at choosing _______.

A

The site for cities.

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40
Q

What was the focal point of roman public life?

A

The forum

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41
Q

Romans had an impeccable _______, far better than any Ancient city before them.

A

Sewage system

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42
Q

What fraction of the Roman Empire consisted of slaves?

A

1/3 to 2/3 of the population

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43
Q

What year did the Roman Empire fall?

A

495 ce

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44
Q

What years does the Middle Ages span?

A

500-1300 ce

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45
Q

When did Seoul become a full fledged city?

A

1200

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46
Q

How many inhabitants did Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, have?

A

Nearly 100,000

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47
Q

What ushered an era of worldwide oceanic trade?

A

European Maritime Exploration

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48
Q

What is the situation of a city?

A

It’s relative location

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49
Q

Maritime trade dramatically increased the influence of where?

A

West Africa and the River Niger; “Where Camel met Canoe”

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50
Q

What type of cities became the nodes of a widening network of national, regional, and global commerce?

A

European Mercantile Cities

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51
Q

What historical event changed the urban landscape of Europe during the late eighteenth century?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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52
Q

Before and during the industrial revolution which advancements were made in agriculture?

A

The seed drill, hybrid seeds, and improved breeding practices for livestock.

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53
Q

What was the determinant for where industrial cities grew in Europe?

A

The proximity to a power source

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54
Q

Through urbanization elegant housing was converted into ________. This pattern continued through out other parts of Europe following the industrial revolution.

A

Overcrowded slums

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55
Q

Which cities retained their pre-industrial shape?

A

London, Paris, and Amsterdam

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56
Q

How long were a typical child’s shift in a textile mill?

A

12 hours

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57
Q

What led to the development of slums and ghettoes in the United States?

A

The rapid growth of the manufacturing city, and inadequate planning

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58
Q

What caused the creations of rust belts

A

By companies abandoning large manufacturing plants

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59
Q

What percent of Western Europe is urban today?

A

80%

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60
Q

The layout of a city and the physical form and structure.

A

Urban Morphology

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61
Q

Early Eurasian area extended in a crescent shaped zone across Eurasia, from _________ in the west to ________ in the east.

A

England; Japan

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62
Q

Where were cities located before European exploration?

A

In the interiors of continents

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63
Q

What is an example of an interior trade route?

A

Silk Route

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64
Q

Why did the importance of interior trade routes change dramatically?

A

The introduction of European Maritime routes

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65
Q

What is situation?

A

Relative location

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66
Q

What caused the dominance of interior cities to decline?

A

European Exploration

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67
Q

Where did factories go after the second half of the twentieth century?

A

Away from overcrowded urban areas

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68
Q

What helps explain the fate of a city, and their position on a map?

A

Site and Situation

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69
Q

What is a trade area?

A

An adjacent region in which a cities influence is dominant

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70
Q

What three terms arose frequently in the quantitative study in Urban Geography?

A

Population, trade area, distance

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71
Q

Larger cities have larger ________.

A

Trade areas

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72
Q

What is the rank-size rule

A

In a model of urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. ( 1/2 -> 1/3 -> 1/4; and so on as cities grow smaller)

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73
Q

What is a supremely dominant city referred to as?

A

A Primate City

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74
Q

What was the title of the book Walter Christaller wrote?

A

The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933)

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75
Q

Christaller laid the groundwork for which theory?

A

Central Place Theory

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76
Q

A model that wished to determine where places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed

A

Central Place Theory

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77
Q

1) surface of the ideal region would be flat with no barrier, 2) soil fertility is the same everywhere, 3) population and purchasing power is evenly distributed, 4) the region would have a uniform transport network, 5) a good or service could to be sold to any given place out to a certain distance. Whose assumptions where these and what theory do they belong to?

A

Walter Christaller, Central Place Theory

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78
Q

Christaller defined the ________________ in order to determine the location of each central place.

A

Goods and services produced; then he compared it to distance willing to travel to acquire these goods and services

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79
Q

What shape is Christaller’s model?

A

Hexagonal

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80
Q

Which regions in China assume uninterrupted flatness?

A

North China Plain, and Sichuan Basin

81
Q

What is the Sunbelt Phenomenon?

A

Millions of Americans moving from the north and northeast to the south and southwest.

82
Q

Which geographer emphasized the importance of central place theory?

A

Larry Ford

83
Q

The division of a city into certain regions for certain purposes.

A

Functional Zonation

84
Q

A purpose of a region of a city

A

Zone

85
Q

A concentration of businesses and commerce in the cities downtown.

A

Central Business District (CBD)

86
Q

An urban area that is not suburban

A

Central city

87
Q

An outlying functionally uniform part of the city

A

Suburb

88
Q

Suburbanization

A

The process in which lands outside of the urban environment become urbanized.

89
Q

Who wrote Contemporary Suburban America (1981)?

A

P. O. Muller

90
Q

Suburbanization creates new _______________.

A

Urban regions

91
Q

In 2000 what percent of Americans lived in suburbs?

A

At least 50%

92
Q

In 2000 the suburbs of America had how many residents?

A

141 million

93
Q

What was the name of the first model to be created of a North American city?

A

Concentric Zone Model

94
Q

Who created the concentric zone model?

A

Ernest Burgess in 1923

95
Q

Burgess’ model is divided into five concentric zones based off what?

A

Their function

96
Q

What is at the center of the concentric zone model?

A

The CBD

97
Q

What is the second ring in the concentric zone model?

A

The zone of transition

98
Q

Describe the zone of transition.

A

Residential deterioration and encroachment by businesses and light manufacturing.

99
Q

What is zone three in the concentric model?

A

Lower class, or the zone of independent workers homes

100
Q

What is zone four of the concentric zone model?

A

Middle class residences, or the zone of better residences

101
Q

What is zone five of the concentric zone model?

A

Commuters’ zone, or high class residency

102
Q

As the city grows what will invade zone 2 in Burgess’ model?

A

The CBD; other rings will continue to expand along with it

103
Q

Who published the sector model?

A

Homer Hoyt

104
Q

When did Hoyt publish the sector model?

A

1930s

105
Q

Why did Hoyt create his model?

A

To address the limitations of Burgess’ model.

106
Q

What did Hoyt focus on when creating his model?

A

Residential patterns

107
Q

Who created the multiple nuclei model?

A

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

108
Q

When was the multiple nuclei model created?

A

1940s

109
Q

What does the multiple nuclei model recognize?

A

That the CBD is losing it’s dominant position as main nucleus

110
Q

What do urban geographers say about the three american city models?

A

They are too simplistic to describe a modern city

111
Q

When did suburbanization explode around new transportation corridors?

A

1970s and 1980s

112
Q

Suburban downtowns may eventually become what?

A

Edge cities

113
Q

How are edge cities created?

A

When regional shopping centers, stadiums, and other big attractions are moved to a suburban downtown close to the CBD

114
Q

When did American suburbs surpass central cities in total employment?

A

As early as 1973

115
Q

How do we describe the spatial components of the modern metropolis?

A

Urban Realm

116
Q

Which model takes the last step in interpreting American city structure?

A

Urban Realms Model

117
Q

Why has it become difficult to model, classify, or typify urban centers?

A

There are increasingly more of them than there were when models were created

118
Q

In 1980 which two geographers studied Latin American cities?

A

Larry Ford and Ernst Griffin

119
Q

The Griffin-Ford Model represents what kind of city?

A

Latin American

120
Q

Griffin and Ford found that Latin American cities blended traditional elements with the forces of globalization, combining ______________ and ___________.

A

Radial sectors; concentric zones

121
Q

What anchors the Griffin Ford model?

A

The CBD

122
Q

What are the two sectors a CBD is divided into in the Griffin Ford model?

A

Traditional Market Sector and Modern High Rise Sector

123
Q

In the model of the Latin American city, what maintains the dominance of the CBD?

A

Adequate public transport, and affluent residential areas

124
Q

In the Griffin Ford model what stretches from the CBD?

A

The spine, which is essentially and extension of the CBD

125
Q

What surrounds the spine? (Griffin-Ford model)

A

The elite residential sector

126
Q

In the Griffin Ford model what suggests the emergence of suburban nodes?

A

The Mall Sector at the end of the spine

127
Q

In the model of the Latin American city, there is an inner ring of ________ and an outer ring of __________.

A

Affluence; poverty

128
Q

What is the disamenity sector?

A

In the Latin American model it is the poorest part of the city, sometimes controlled by gangs or drugs

129
Q

What are disamenity sectors referred to as?

A

Flavelas or barrios

130
Q

Which regions includes countries with the lowest level of urbanization?

A

Subsharan Africa

131
Q

In tropical countries of Subsahran Africa, what percent is urbanized?

A

Under 40%

132
Q

Outside of tropical Subsahran Africa what percent is urban?

A

Nearly 57%

133
Q

Which continent has the world’s fastest growing cities?

A

Africa

134
Q

Africa contains cities that are neither _____________ nor ____________.

A

Traditional; colonial

135
Q

How many CBDs does an African city contain?

A

Three

136
Q

What are the three CBDs in an African City?

A

Colonial CBD, informal market zone, and a transitional business center (curbside market center)

137
Q

Vertical Development occurs in which CBD of the African City?

A

Former colonial CBD

138
Q

What are satellite townships?

A

Squatter settlements

139
Q

Where are the most populated cities in the world located?

A

Southeast Asia

140
Q

In 1967 who studied the medium sized southeast Asian cities?

A

T. G. McGee

141
Q

The McGee model refers to what kinds of cities?

A

Southeast Asian cities

142
Q

What is the focal point of a southeast Asian city?

A

The colonial port zone

143
Q

How many formal business districts are in the McGee model?

A

None

144
Q

Residential zones in the McGee model are similar to which other model?

A

The Griffin Ford model of the Latin American city

145
Q

The middle class in southeast Asian cities is _____________.

A

Larger

146
Q

What does a city model show?

A

An end product

147
Q

In the periphery is middle class prominent?

A

No

148
Q

What are shantytowns?

A

Unplanned development of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scraps from around the city

149
Q

Legal restrictions that determine what types of buildings are allowed to take hold

A

Zoning laws

150
Q

Are zoning laws enforced everywhere?

A

No

151
Q

What is the only large city in the US not to have zoning laws?

A

Houston Texas

152
Q

What is one thing that can be found in all major cities across the globe?

A

Stark contrast from rich to poor

153
Q

1/5 of Egypt’s population is in which city?

A

Cairo

154
Q

Refusing to loan money to people in poorer parts of the city.

A

Redlining

155
Q

Purposefully putting someone of a different race in a cultural community in order to get other people to move. Done by realtors to get more money. Putting an African American in a white neighborhood to say it was going downhill.

A

Blockbusting

156
Q

What city is the concentric zone model based off of?

A

Chicago

157
Q

What city is the sector model based off of?

A

Chicago

158
Q

The high class zone is also called…..

A

Exurb/commuter zone

159
Q

Which model of the American city was fit for post CBD?

A

Multiple Nuclei Model

160
Q

What is an example of an edge city in Texas?

A

Plano

161
Q

What must edge cities have?

A

Restaurants, hotels, shopping centers, entertainment facilities, sports complexes, and office complexes

162
Q

Blockbusting generates, what?

A

White Flight

163
Q

What is people buying and selling houses in order to raise the value of the neighborhood?

A

Gentrification

164
Q

When a city changes its plan in order to attract or accommodate tourists.

A

Commercialization

165
Q

In the galactic city model suburbs are where?

A

All over the place

166
Q

The galactic city model is an example of:

A

A post industrial city

167
Q

In which model is manufacturing declined?

A

Galactic city model

168
Q

The transition to service based economy happens in which model?

A

Galactic city model

169
Q

In the galactic model what is a common location for suburban CBD?

A

Near transportation nodes

170
Q

In the Latin America model, who lives along the spine?

A

The wealthiest of merchants and land owners

171
Q

What is equivalent to the zone of maturity?

A

Middle class, or zone three

172
Q

What was an example of social status in Latin America?

A

Living nearer to the social spine or CBD

173
Q

Laws of the Indies allowed who to live in the walls of the Latin American city?

A

Those of European descent are allowed to live in city walls

174
Q

Where did the indigenous people live?

A

In the zone of In Situ Accretion, or outside the city walls

175
Q

Indigenous Latin American’s relied on what to build their houses?

A

Local timber and mud brick

176
Q

Today who lives in the Zone of In Situ Accretion?

A

Middle/Working Class

177
Q

What are squatter settlements called in Mexico?

A

Colonias

178
Q

What are squatter settlements called in Peru?

A

Barriadas

179
Q

What are squatter settlements called in Ecuador and Colombia?

A

Invasiones

180
Q

What is land invasion?

A

Squatter settlements popping up overnight, and taking over a large portion of land

181
Q

In Latin American cities was housing accommodated for the working class?

A

No, it was the opposite of America at the time

182
Q

The urban poor was not common in Latin America until ….

A

1945/WWII

183
Q

The rise of _______ in Latin America caused people to push to the city.

A

Civil wars in rural areas

184
Q

Where do squatters settle?

A

On land they don’t own

185
Q

What is the disamenity sector?

A

Squatter settlements where land isn’t suitable

186
Q

Land Tenure

A

Legal right to own land

187
Q

Squatter settlements can sometimes be run by _______________.

A

Drug lords, or gang leaders

188
Q

Malls are popular in Latin American models to what kind of people?

A

Middle class and high class

189
Q

What are some characteristics of medieval cities?

A

Narrow buildings and winding streets, with an ornate church to mark the city, and high walls around city

190
Q

What are some characteristics of Islamic cities?

A

Mosques, walls around the perimeter, open air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, limiting foot traffic in residential neighborhoods

191
Q

What is an equivalent to action space?

A

Activity Space

192
Q

What is the marriage of older classical forms and newer industrial ones in terms of architecture

A

BeauxArts

193
Q

Gateway cities are:

A

Port cities

194
Q

Gateway cities are home to

A

Immigrant populations

195
Q

What is an Entrepot?

A

A port city with goods shipped in at one price and shipped out at a higher price

196
Q

Where is sold in a traditional CBD?

A

Commerce is sold in the streets

197
Q

What is restrictive convenants?

A

Saying that your house cannot be sold to non-whites

198
Q

Driving house buyers to ethnic communities instead of white communities

A

Racial Steering

Human Geo (3 decks)

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