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Human Geo > Midterm Review List > Flashcards

Midterm Review List Flashcards

0
Q

One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes

A

Human Geography

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1
Q

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which it’s producing areas are interrelated

A

Location Theory

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2
Q

An outbreak of disease that spreads worldwide

A

Pandemic

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3
Q

Regional outbreak of disease

A

Epidemic

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4
Q

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character

A

Sense of Place

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5
Q

Synonyms to complementarity and intervening opportunity; interactions that influence

A

Spatial Interaction

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6
Q

A region defined by a set of activities and interactions that occur within it

A

Functional Region

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7
Q

Marked by a degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region

A

Formal Region

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8
Q

A region that only exists by conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity (the Midwest in the US)

A

Perceptual Region

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9
Q

The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network

A

Connectivity

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10
Q

Satellite based system for determining absolute location of places or geographic features

A

GPS; Global Positioning System

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11
Q

A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be connected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

A

GIS; Geographic Information System

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12
Q

The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude

A

Absolute Location

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13
Q

The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect this.

A

Relative Location

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14
Q

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study

A

Remote Sensing

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15
Q

Line on a map collecting points of equal temperature value

A

Isotherm

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16
Q

An approach to studying nature- society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic context in which they are situated

A

Political Ecology

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17
Q

The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

A

Cultural Ecology

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18
Q

The wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water

A

Soil Erosion

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19
Q

The total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place

A

Biodiversity

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20
Q

A growing environmental peril whereby acidified rain water severely damaged plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, especially in major manufacturing zones

A

Acid rain

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21
Q

The theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth’s atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by various human activities

A

Global Warming

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22
Q

An international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European communities (now European Union). The protocol called for reduction in the production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons of 50 percent of 2000. Subsequent meetings in London (1990) and Copenhagen (1992) accelerated and the timing of CFC phaseout, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996

A

Montreal Protocol

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23
Q

German; argued to have disciplines covering history and geography, based on perspective instead of subject matter

A

Immanuel Kant

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24
Q

Invented by a Flemish cartographer; enables navigators to maintain an accurate course at sea

A

Mercator Projection

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25
Q

Map Projection with better land mass size estimates, but lacks correct directional functionality

A

Robinson Projection

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26
Q

Interactions occurring at the scale of the world in a global setting

A

Global scale

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27
Q

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character, and physical setting

A

Site

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28
Q

The external locational attributes of a place, it’s relative location or regional location with reference to nonlocal places

A

Situation

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29
Q

Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world economy

A

Core Region

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30
Q

Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy

A

Periphery

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31
Q

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

A

Population density

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32
Q

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilo/miles that make up the unit.

A

Arithmetic population density

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33
Q

The number of people per unit area of arable land

A

Physiological population density

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34
Q

Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live

A

Population distribution

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35
Q

The time required for a population to double in size

A

Doubling Time

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36
Q

Population Growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect emigrant or immigrant movements

A

Natural Increase

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37
Q

TFR

A

Total Fertility Rate

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38
Q

IMR

A

Infant Mortality Rate

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39
Q

CBR

A

Crude Birth Rate

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40
Q

CDR

A

Crude Death Rate

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41
Q

DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

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42
Q

SPL

A

Stationary Population Level

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43
Q

The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation

A

Ethnic Cleansing

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44
Q

Boundaries within a single major faith

A

Intrafaith Boundaries

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45
Q

Boundaries between the world’s major faiths

A

Interfaith

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46
Q

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. Opposite of theocracy

A

Secularism

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47
Q

Adherents to the largest branch in Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life’s problems, and they differ by accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritive

A

Sunni

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48
Q

Adherents to one of the two major divisions of Islam. Also known as Shiahs, the Shi’ite’s represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali

A

Shi’ite

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49
Q

The movement to unite Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promise land

A

Zionism

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50
Q

From the Greek “to disperse”, a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting to the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese people’s outside of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong

A

Diaspora

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51
Q

A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Unlike universalizing religions, adherents of this type do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work

A

Ethnic Religions

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52
Q

A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work.

A

Universalizing Religions (Christianity, Islam, Sikhism)

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53
Q

One of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan. Does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins

A

Hinduism

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54
Q

Founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. Splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism.

A

Buddhism

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55
Q

The youngest of the major world religions, based on the teaching of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Koran, the holy book.

A

Islam

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56
Q

Based on the teaching of Jesus. According to Teaching, Jesus is the Son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God’s plan.

A

Christianity

57
Q

Religion with it’s roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one God. According to Teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the holy people agree to worship one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people.

A

Judaism

58
Q

A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue

A

Creole Language

59
Q

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

A

Pidgin Language

60
Q

A term deriving from the “Frankish Language” and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a “common language”, and a language used among speakers of a different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce

A

Lingua Franca

61
Q

(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) developed when people migrated from present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago

A

Slavic Language

62
Q

(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) reflects the expansion of people out of Northern Europe to the West and South

A

Germanic Languages

63
Q

(French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian) stems from the areas once controlled by the Roman Empire but we’re not subsequently overwhelmed

A

Romance Languages

64
Q

Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from the Proto-Indo-European were first carried Eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans

A

Dispersal Theory

65
Q

Major theory of how the Proto-Indonesia-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of the Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants, and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues

A

Conquest Theory

66
Q

Hypothesis that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe’s Indo-European (Anatolia to Turkey); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)

A

Renfrew Hypothesis

67
Q

Opposite of convergence; a process that suggests new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of language into discrete new languages

A

Language Divergence

68
Q

The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from consistent spatial interaction of people’s with different languages

A

Language Convergence

69
Q

Language believed to be the ancestral language, not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravidian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family

A

Nostratic Languages

70
Q

The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants “backward” toward the original language

A

Backward Reconstruction

71
Q

Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language

A

Deep Reconstruction

72
Q

Slight change in a word across languages within a sub family or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin

A

Sound Shift

73
Q

Division within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

A

Sub-families

74
Q

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

A

Language families

75
Q

Geographic barriers that prevent the diffusion of a language

A

Isogloss

76
Q

Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences, this refers to grammar and vocabulary as well

A

Dialect

77
Q

In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government

A

Official Language

78
Q

The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life

A

Standard Language

79
Q

The fusion of old and new

A

Syncretism

80
Q

Geographic viewpoint-a response to determinism- that holds the human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibility view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limit the possibilities of human choice

A

Possibilism

81
Q

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. Also referred to as environmentalism.

A

Environmental Determinism

82
Q

The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

A

Glocalization

83
Q

With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

A

Reterritorialization

84
Q

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

A

Distance Decay

85
Q

In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs

A

Authenticity

86
Q

The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy

A

Commodification

87
Q

The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

A

Neolocalism

88
Q

The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

A

Cultural appropriation

89
Q

The process through which people lose originally self differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence

A

Assimilation

90
Q

Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

A

Local Culture

91
Q

Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today’s changeable, urban based, media influenced western societies

A

Popular Culture

92
Q

Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and instructions of usually small, traditional communities

A

Folk culture

93
Q

The spread of innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination

A

Expansion Diffusion

94
Q

Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to knew ones. The most common form involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population

A

Relocation diffusion

95
Q

The distance controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness.

A

Contagious Diffusion

96
Q

A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leap frog of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence

A

Hierarchical Diffusion

97
Q

A form of diffusion in which cultural adaptation as a result of the interaction of a cultural trait from another place

A

Stimulus Diffusion

98
Q

The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

A

Time Distance Decay

99
Q

Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture

A

Culture hearth

100
Q

A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils

A

Culture complex

101
Q

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

A

Sequent occupance

102
Q

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts, sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants

A

Cultural Landscape

103
Q

Defined by James Curtis as dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood

A

Barrioization

104
Q

Theory defined by Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of queers with the heteronormative

A

Queer Theory

105
Q

The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment

A

Residential Segregation

106
Q

The fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location

A

Place

107
Q

Social relations stretched out

A

Space

108
Q

Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

A

Ethnicity

109
Q

A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics; hot spot for conflict

A

Race

110
Q

How we make sense of ourselves

A

Identity

111
Q

Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. Notions of gender differences vary greatly over time and space

A

Gender

112
Q

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a NGO

A

Repatriation

113
Q

The purposeful killing of a race or ethnicity

A

Genocide

114
Q

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

A

Asylum

115
Q

Place built up by government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

A

Islands of Development

116
Q

Believed food grew linearly and people grew exponentially; later proved wrong

A

Thomas Malthus

117
Q

Believed some but not all of Thomas Malthus’ theories

A

Neomalthusians

118
Q

Types of push or pull factors that influence a migrants decision to move to where people they know have already found success

A

Kinship Links

119
Q

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

A

Transhumance

120
Q

Movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement

A

Nomadism

121
Q

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

A

Step Migration

122
Q

(College attendance or military service); involves temporary recurrent locations

A

Periodic Movement

123
Q

(Nomadic Migration); closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

A

Cyclic Movement

124
Q

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home country; this is an important part of the economy in some countries

A

Remittances

125
Q

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

A

Gravity Model

126
Q

Pull factor

A

Centripetal Force

127
Q

Push Factor

A

Centrifugal Force

128
Q

You have exited your home country

A

Emigrant

129
Q

You are entering a new country

A

Immigrant

130
Q

Migration within regions

A

Intra-Regional Migration

131
Q

When you migrate because someone else migrated before you, successive migration

A

Chain Migration

132
Q

Land that is able to be farmed on

A

Arable Land

133
Q

A failed attempt in China to regulate population levels

A

One Child Policy

134
Q

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over the other

A

Eugenic population policies

135
Q

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

A

Expansive Population Policies

136
Q

Disease that is particular to a locality or region

A

Endemic

137
Q

11th century Arab Geographer, assembled a final world map that was accurate due to scientific expeditions and research

A

Idrisi

138
Q

Greek Scholar; accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth by measuring the sun’s angles at the summer solstice along the Nile River

A

Eratosthenes

139
Q

Recalculated the circumference of the Earth but was incorrect

A

Ptolemy

140
Q

Wrote Man and Nature; focused on Human Environment Interaction

A

George Perkins Marsh

141
Q

Shaped the field of Human Geography by arguing that cultural landscapes should be the main study

A

Carl Sauer

Human Geo (3 decks)

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