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Human Geo > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

0
Q

Increases in food supply, rapid increase in total human population (more food = less starvation), job specialization (fewer people needed to produce food = more jobs needed), gender differences, and the distinction between settled people and nomads led to the development of these

A

Agricultural Hearths

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1
Q

Drastic changes that happened in different parts of the world at different times, changes include domestication of animals and cultivation of crops

A

Neolithic Revolution

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2
Q

Diffused from Southeast Asia north into China and Japan, west into India, to Africa, and the Mediterranean. In which new plants are produced from direct cloning. Began the transition into settlements.

A

Vegetative Planting

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3
Q

Production of plants through annual planting of seeds. Hearths include: Western India, Northern China, and Ethiopia. Irrigation (the channeling of water to fields) developed with this.

A

Seed Agriculture

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4
Q

The movement of diverse foods merging from the eastern and western hemispheres
Food begins to diversify

A

Colombian Exchange

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5
Q

Beginning in western Europe in the 1600s preceding the industrial revolution allowing rapidly growing cities to stay afloat.

A

Second Agricultural Revolution

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6
Q

Fencing or hedging of large blocks of land

A

Enclosure

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7
Q

Jethro Tull’s method, a new machine that more effectively planted seeds

A

Seed Drill

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8
Q

Most prevalent in LDCs, production of only enough food to feed the farmers family, no profit

A

Subsistence agriculture

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9
Q

Farmers and ranchers sell output for money and buy other food at stores;
Production of food surplus

A

Commercial Agriculture

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10
Q

(Corporate Agriculture); found in MDCs, farming is integrated into a large food production industry

A

Agribusiness

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11
Q

Intensive Subsistence: concentrated, high yield farming, only provides subsistence; Shifting Cultivation: “slash and burn”, primarily rain forests; Pastoral Nomadism: following herds much like hunter gatherers

A

Subsistence Farming

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12
Q

Found in East and South Asia, begin in dry land before moving to a flooded field

A

Wet or Low Land Rice

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13
Q

Requires little capital to produce food and employs a large number of people, work is done by hand

A

Labor Intensive Agriculture

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14
Q

Growing of various types of crops

A

Intertillage

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15
Q

Practice of moving frequent from one place to another

A

Nomadism

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16
Q

Shifting Cultivation and Pastoral Nomadism; involve large areas of land and minimal labor

A

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

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17
Q

Cultivation of small land plots through great amounts of labor, yielding is higher as well

A

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

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18
Q

Most common west of the Appalachian Mountains, Europe, and Russia, income from the sale of animal products

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock

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19
Q

Northeast United States, West Europe, and Southeast Canada, must be close to a city

A

Dairy Farming

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20
Q

Ring of milk production

A

Milk shed

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21
Q

Heavily mechanized farming of grain; USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and United Kingdom

A

Grain Farming

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22
Q

Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma

A

Winter Wheat Areas

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23
Q

South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana

A

Spring Wheat Areas

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24
Q

Commercial grazing of livestock; semi-arid regions, West US and Pampas

A

Livestock Ranching

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25
Q

Prairies in South America

A

Pampas

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26
Q

Horticulture, happens all over the globe but relies on climate; US, Europe, South America, and Chile

A

Mediterranean Agriculture

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27
Q

US, truck farming, heavy on machinery and fertilizers

A

Commercial Gardening

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28
Q

Growing of fruits vegetables and flowers

A

Horticulture

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29
Q

A large farm that specializes in one or two crops; work mostly with cash crops or high commodity crops

A

Plantation Farming

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30
Q

Field rotation so that crops can yield greater

A

Crop Rotation

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31
Q

Prairies of North America

A

World’s Bread Basket

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32
Q

Oats, wheat, rye, barley,

A

Cereal Grains

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33
Q

Assumed the distance of each branch of farming was to a city or market center

A

Von Thunen’s Model

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34
Q

The general logical attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced

A

Location Theory

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35
Q

Houses lie farther apart and have more land to farm

A

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

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36
Q

Houses are closer together and result in more intensive farming

A

Nucleated Settlement Pattern

37
Q

Small clusters of buildings

A

Hamlets

38
Q

Slightly larger than hamlets where houses are grouped together

A

Villages

39
Q

Originated in Northern Europe, associated with forests, from Scandinavia to Russia to the pacific coast

A

Wood Housing Style

40
Q

Across the world it is used and it is made of different materials that suit it’s climate

A

Brick Housing Style

41
Q

Andes Mountains, natural stone and mortar where resourced are plentiful

A

Stone housing style

42
Q

Poles and sticks woven tightly together with a leaf covering, found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Amazonian Ricer Basin.

A

Wattle housing style

43
Q

Traditional in East Africa and Europe, with fields on the inside in a circular pattern

A

Round Village Style

44
Q

Developed to protect, with villages securely inside, normally revolve around a turbulent past

A

Walled Village pattern

45
Q

Modern with parallel and perpendicular lines

A

Grid village patterns

46
Q

Villages follow major roads

A

Lined village pattern

47
Q

Very populated and busy, all cluster around some main hub

A

Cluster village patterns

48
Q

Property inheritance that falls directly to the eldest son

A

Primogeniture

49
Q

Section lines drawn in girds, without reference to terrain

A

Rectangular Survey Tachnique

50
Q

Natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land

A

Metes and Bounds Survey Technique

51
Q

Narrow Land strips thanks to water ways or roads

A

Long Lot Survey Technique

52
Q

The goal was to benefit the mother country by trade through the colony

A

Mercantilism

53
Q

The growing of crops that are most profitable

A

Specialization

54
Q

Began in the mid-20th century, takes form in industrial agriculture (an innovation in agricultural machinery) involves biotechnology

A

Third Agricultural Revolution

55
Q

Use of genetically altered crops in Ag and DNA in order to increase production

A

Biotechnology

56
Q

Involved in the use of new higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizer

A

Green Revolution

57
Q

Expansion of the world’s deserts through erosion

A

Desertification

58
Q

Changing nutrients in soil to damage the plant, unless crop rotation is used

A

Organic content in soil

59
Q

Replaced by bio vegetation, can cause desertification

A

Depletion of vegetation

60
Q

Moves to organic agriculture (growing crops without fertilizer or pesticides)

A

Presence of chemicals

61
Q

Integrates plant and animal production practices that will protect the ecosystem over the long term

A

Sustainable Agriculture

62
Q

Increasing food product by plowing more land

A

Expansion of Agricultural Land

63
Q

Hybrid and bio plants and livestock allow land to be used more efficiently

A

Increase in land productivity

64
Q

People are less likely to try something new but it is available

Ex. Organic food, or genetically modified foods

A

New food sources

65
Q

Food exportation is evening out

A

Distribution of Foods

66
Q

Genetic modification of a plant such that it’s reproductive success depends on human intervention

A

Plant domestication

67
Q

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants

A

Root crops

68
Q

Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

A

Animal Domestication

69
Q

Slash and burn style agriculture

A

Milpa agriculture

70
Q

Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

A

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

71
Q

Dependence on a single agricultural community

A

Monoculture

72
Q

Developed by Wladimir Köppen, a system for classifying the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

A

Köppen Climate Classification System

73
Q

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

A

Luxury Crops

74
Q

a food that is eaten routinely, and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet in a given population

A

Staple food

75
Q

Practiced worldwide with a variety of crops and livestock and produce low economic turnout due to the effort split between areas of crop and livestock

A

General Farming (Mixed Farming)

76
Q

Involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), or other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.

A

Food preservation

77
Q

Refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population.

A

Income Disparity

78
Q

(Communism and Agriculture) In socialist or communist countries, such as the former Soviet Union, this is a cooperative association of farmers who work land owned by the state but who own most of their own farm implements.

A

Collective Farm/Communal Farm

79
Q

A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

A

Food Web

80
Q

The series or processes by which food is grown or produced, sold, and eventually consumed.

A

Food chain

81
Q

This is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season.

A

Multicropping

82
Q

Growing two crops on a field of arable land during one season

A

Double Cropping

83
Q

A set of soil management practices that minimize the disruption of the soil’s structure, composition and natural biodiversity.

A

Conservation Agriculture

84
Q

The ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i.e. the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services at the same or increasing level over time.

A

Sustainable yield

85
Q

Energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment, especially by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power.

A

Alternative Energy

86
Q

A biofuel intended as a substitute for diesel.

A

Biodiesel

87
Q

An area of land cleared for vegetation by slashing and burning vegetation.

A

Swidden

88
Q

Using a land for a period of time and then leaving it be in order to let it refertilize itself for the next season.

A

Fallow

89
Q

The science of breeding and caring for farm animals

A

Animal Husbandry

90
Q

Genetically modified plants with larger heads and shorter stalks

A

Dwarf Varieties

91
Q

The offspring of two plants or animals whose species vary

A

Hybrid

Human Geo (3 decks)

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