Urban Environments Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
An increase in people living in towns and cities
What are the pull factors to the city?
Employment
Entertainment
Education
Better services
What are the Push factors from the countryside
Drought
War and famine
Poverty
When was there rapid urbanisation in UK
During the nineteenth century during the industrial revolution. Increase in farming machinery meant less workers on farms and there were jobs in the factories, shipping yards, and mines in cities
What percent of Britain’s population is urban
90%
Why are poorer countries urbanising quickly
high fertility rate and birth rates are higher than death rates because more young people are moving to the city
What are the four parts of the burgess model?
CBD - Central business district
Inner City
Suburbs
Rural - urban fringe
What is the CBD
The most accessible part of any urban area.
Buildings are tall as there is competition for land and land prices are expensive.
many high order functions such as banks and department stores as they need large amount of customers to make a profit.
Chunks are pedestrianised to make shopping a pleasant experience.
Westgate is an example.
Halifax has differing cultural zones denoted with a series of symbols such as the theatre zone (T) E.g. Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Manchester
What is the inner city?
This zone grew at start of industrial revolution
Factories were built around the CBD and the river Calder as the river also provided energy and water to clean the wool fleeces and factory.
Dean clough became a major employer
People quickly migrated and terraced housing was built to accommodate all the factory workers as they were cheap and easy to make.
E.g Queens road
Low order convenience stores are found here.
High density housing and streets are in a grid pattern.
This area has been redeveloped and renewed recently and you can now find high rise flats and modern industry warehouses such as b&q
What are the suburbs
With the development of cars people who had one could move away from the polluted inner city to live in a better environment.
Detached houses with gardens and garages many roads were col-de-sacs and pavements were bigger.
Lower house density
With the development of bus routes poorer people were rehoused from now slum houses in the inner city to council estates in the suburbs
E.g mixenden
What is the rural urban fringe?
Where urban area meets the countryside.
Difficult to build anything as you need planning permission.
This is to stop the urban area expanding.
Known as greenbelt land.
Lot of conflicts between industry, home owners, and farmers.
What are the problems with urban growth?
Sewage is dumped in the sea
land scarred by quarries
noise and air pollution from aircraft, cars and lorries
Acid rain endangers plant and animal life and corrodes buildings
dumping of household waste
pollution from factories
deforestation for development
cities sprawling into countryside
oil pollution
new roads built attracting more traffic
farming becomes more intensive using more fertilisers and pesticides
What kind of things are found in the core of the CBD
Department stores
Specialist shops
High rise office blocks
banks
what kind of things are found in the frame of the CBD
smaller shops
railway station bus and coach station
offices - insurance companies/solicitors
multi-storey car parks
car sales
services
theatres
cinemas
uni
What are the problems in CBD’s and whats being done to help them
Weather - Development of indoor shopping complexes - Westgate arcade, halifax
Anti social behaviour - A visible presence to deter poor behaviour - Street angles, Halifax
Traffic congestions & accidents - Pedestrianised zones, bus lanes, and park are ride schemes - Sheffield, York, Halifax
What are the issues with traffic?
Congestion
Noise and air pollution
What are the solutions to traffic issues
Accommodate the traffic encourage people to use public transport
Ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of centre urban motorways and flyovers to get people places faster
multistory/underground car parks
one way traffic systems avoiding pedestrian high streets
park and ride scheme (York bus, sheffield tram Nottingham tram)
bus lanes
cycle schemes (Boris bikes)
Congestion charge
car club - renting a car on a short term basis
What are the problems with housing caused by
total population increase total households increasing more people live alone
Where is there a greater need for housing in Britain
London and SE England due to a lot of migration to this area for work
What is the governments policy on housing
to use brownfield site to save the countryside and its greenfield sites reducing urban sprawl.
What is a brownfield site
run down areas within cities
What are greenfield sites
land never built on before
What are the benefits of building on brownfield sites
using old run down industrial parts of cities to build on
Easy and quick to get planning permission
Close to city centre for work shops and entertainment
Road and transport already there
Services (water, gas, plumbing etc) already there
What are the negatives of building on brownfield sites??
Land may be expensive to buy or rent
Site may be polluted and need cleaning
May only be small site
Surrounding areas not attractive
