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Geography - Human > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in people living in towns and cities

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2
Q

What are the pull factors to the city?

A

Employment

Entertainment

Education

Better services

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3
Q

What are the Push factors from the countryside

A

Drought

War and famine

Poverty

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4
Q

When was there rapid urbanisation in UK

A

During the nineteenth century during the industrial revolution. Increase in farming machinery meant less workers on farms and there were jobs in the factories, shipping yards, and mines in cities

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5
Q

What percent of Britain’s population is urban

A

90%

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6
Q

Why are poorer countries urbanising quickly

A

high fertility rate and birth rates are higher than death rates because more young people are moving to the city

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7
Q

What are the four parts of the burgess model?

A

CBD - Central business district

Inner City

Suburbs

Rural - urban fringe

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8
Q

What is the CBD

A

The most accessible part of any urban area.

Buildings are tall as there is competition for land and land prices are expensive.

many high order functions such as banks and department stores as they need large amount of customers to make a profit.

Chunks are pedestrianised to make shopping a pleasant experience.

Westgate is an example.

Halifax has differing cultural zones denoted with a series of symbols such as the theatre zone (T) E.g. Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Manchester

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9
Q

What is the inner city?

A

This zone grew at start of industrial revolution

Factories were built around the CBD and the river Calder as the river also provided energy and water to clean the wool fleeces and factory.

Dean clough became a major employer

People quickly migrated and terraced housing was built to accommodate all the factory workers as they were cheap and easy to make.

E.g Queens road

Low order convenience stores are found here.

High density housing and streets are in a grid pattern.

This area has been redeveloped and renewed recently and you can now find high rise flats and modern industry warehouses such as b&q

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10
Q

What are the suburbs

A

With the development of cars people who had one could move away from the polluted inner city to live in a better environment.

Detached houses with gardens and garages many roads were col-de-sacs and pavements were bigger.

Lower house density

With the development of bus routes poorer people were rehoused from now slum houses in the inner city to council estates in the suburbs

E.g mixenden

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11
Q

What is the rural urban fringe?

A

Where urban area meets the countryside.

Difficult to build anything as you need planning permission.

This is to stop the urban area expanding.

Known as greenbelt land.

Lot of conflicts between industry, home owners, and farmers.

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12
Q

What are the problems with urban growth?

A

Sewage is dumped in the sea

land scarred by quarries

noise and air pollution from aircraft, cars and lorries

Acid rain endangers plant and animal life and corrodes buildings

dumping of household waste

pollution from factories

deforestation for development

cities sprawling into countryside

oil pollution

new roads built attracting more traffic

farming becomes more intensive using more fertilisers and pesticides

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13
Q

What kind of things are found in the core of the CBD

A

Department stores

Specialist shops

High rise office blocks

banks

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14
Q

what kind of things are found in the frame of the CBD

A

smaller shops

railway station bus and coach station

offices - insurance companies/solicitors

multi-storey car parks

car sales

services

theatres

cinemas

uni

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15
Q

What are the problems in CBD’s and whats being done to help them

A

Weather - Development of indoor shopping complexes - Westgate arcade, halifax

Anti social behaviour - A visible presence to deter poor behaviour - Street angles, Halifax

Traffic congestions & accidents - Pedestrianised zones, bus lanes, and park are ride schemes - Sheffield, York, Halifax

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16
Q

What are the issues with traffic?

A

Congestion

Noise and air pollution

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17
Q

What are the solutions to traffic issues

A

Accommodate the traffic encourage people to use public transport

Ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of centre urban motorways and flyovers to get people places faster

multistory/underground car parks

one way traffic systems avoiding pedestrian high streets

park and ride scheme (York bus, sheffield tram Nottingham tram)

bus lanes

cycle schemes (Boris bikes)

Congestion charge

car club - renting a car on a short term basis

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18
Q

What are the problems with housing caused by

A

total population increase total households increasing more people live alone

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19
Q

Where is there a greater need for housing in Britain

A

London and SE England due to a lot of migration to this area for work

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20
Q

What is the governments policy on housing

A

to use brownfield site to save the countryside and its greenfield sites reducing urban sprawl.

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21
Q

What is a brownfield site

A

run down areas within cities

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22
Q

What are greenfield sites

A

land never built on before

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23
Q

What are the benefits of building on brownfield sites

A

using old run down industrial parts of cities to build on

Easy and quick to get planning permission

Close to city centre for work shops and entertainment

Road and transport already there

Services (water, gas, plumbing etc) already there

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24
Q

What are the negatives of building on brownfield sites??

A

Land may be expensive to buy or rent

Site may be polluted and need cleaning

May only be small site

Surrounding areas not attractive

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25
Q

What are the benefits of building on greenfield sites?

A

Not been built on, quick and easy to prepare for building

Land cheaper

Area more attractive

Space to build large detached houses = large profit

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26
Q

What are the negatives of building on greenfield sites?

A

Countryside is lost Wildlife threatened

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27
Q

What is urban renewal

A

Doing up decaying houses

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28
Q

What is urban redevelopment

A

Building something completely different on an old industrial/housing area that has fallen into disrepair

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29
Q

What renewal has happened in Halifax?

A

Queens road:

Double glazed windows

Front gardens for safety (defensible space)

Walls sandblasted

Traffic restrictions

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30
Q

What redevelopments have happened in Halifax

A

Halifax grammar school - apartments

Old industrial - retail (the range) (Halifax)

Valley mills - Luxury apartments (Elland)

31
Q

What are the social problems with the cultural mix in halifax

A

Differences in the age-profile of ethnic groups in halifax. 36% of asian population under 16 in 2001, white 29% black 23%.

The older population is mainly white non-whites over 65 = 3.9%

Over half the 16-74 asian population has no qualifications compared to under 40% of white people that age

High proportion of old asians have long term illnesses.

32
Q

What are the economic problems with the cultural mix in halifax

A

unemployment is highest among asian groups, asian women follow traditional roles and rarely do any paid work.

33
Q

What are the social solutions to the problems with the cultural mix in halifax

A

Charities such as Himmat help young asians to raise educational standards and appoint asian role models to mentor them.

A sure start centre opened in Queens road to help give guidance in child care and promoting health. The government has now stopped this.

Places such as Manchester promote the ‘curry mile’ which encourages other cultures to visit and sample asian food helping break the barriers between areas/people.

The current mayor of Calderdale is British asian which shows integration at the highest level of society.

34
Q

What are the economic solutions to the problems with the cultural mix in halifax

A

Local businesses are being given cheaper rents and plots of land to set up in the Queens road area

recruit asian workers. DD Porter Builders is an example. However no British Asian applied for a single job.

35
Q

What are the environmental problems in inner cities

A

Houses run down/derelict

Vandalised factories, warehouses, churches and flats.

Lots of wastelands

36
Q

What are the social problems in inner cities

A

High number of pensioners, single parent families, ethnic minorities, and students.

Poor health, higher than average levels of drug abuse and crime

Difficult police - community relations

37
Q

What are the economic problems in inner cities

A

Local employment declined as industries and docks closed

Higher than average unemployment especially young and ethnic minorities.

Low income and widespread poverty

38
Q

*Is this a HIC city or LIC

A

LIC

39
Q

What are the similarities and differences of HIC cities and LIC cities

A

they both grow outward from the centre and both have a CBD but HIC’s are more organised and don’t have slums

40
Q

Where is Rio De Janeiro

A

Brazil on the East Coast in South America

41
Q

Why did Rio begin to urbanise quickly

A

People migrated from rural areas looking for work 40 years ago

42
Q

What are the names for the slums in Rio

A

Favelas

43
Q

How much of Rio’s population live in the favelas

A

1/3

44
Q

What is Barra and why has this place grown?

A

A city on the coast 20km from Rio.

People moved there because Rio was becoming overcrowded, land was available for building, crime in Rio was a problem as well as traffic congestion and air pollution

45
Q

Why is Rio always going to struggle to solve its problems

A

crime is always going to be there, not a lot of money to give them. lack of education

46
Q

What are the environmental problems in Rio

A

mudslides wash away peoples homes

No space overcrowded

Sao Paulo dumping mercury contaminated sludge into Rio Ocean

water contaminated by sewage and rubbish

Air pollution index triple the acceptable amount

Copacabana beach gets 480 olympic swimming pools worth or raw sewage ever and 40% increase in cars in last 10 years

Maracana river polluted

47
Q

What are the social problems in Rio

A

lung capacity of children decreased due to lead pollution from cars

Murder rate has tripled in the last 15 years

48
Q

What are the economic problems in Rio

A

not enough jobs more people in informal sector (not paying tax)

49
Q

What are the environmental solutions in Rio

A

Bus Rapid Transit Corridor is being built which will produce less emissions

A new city (Barra) has been built

New roads into mountains to create more road space and less congestion

Local people take turns to dispose of rubbish

$650 million programme to improve sewage pipes and treatment plants

50
Q

What are the social solutions in Rio

A

Police are solving crime with heavy handed tactics, 1 in 8 attempted arrests result in a death

51
Q

What is the case study of rapid urbanisation

A

Cairo Egypt

52
Q

What is the solution to the traffic congestion in Cairo

A

Cairo Metro has two lines operating carrying 2 million per day

53
Q

What is the solution to the sewage problem in Cairo

A

The Greater Cairo Sewage Project. Extend sewers to the slum areas.

Zabbaleen, the official refuse collectors in the slums and recyclers of waste

54
Q

What is the solution to housing problem in Cairo

A

Construction of new settlements capable of housing 15 million people e.g. settlement ‘15th May’

55
Q

What are the economic problems in Rocinha

A

Jobs are low paid, informal, and people are self employed

56
Q

What are the social characteristics of Rocinha

A

Much leisure takes place on roof tops (kite flying/martial arts)

Strong community spirit

Graffiti and vandalism, crime is a huge problem, highest crime rate in Rio

Houses built on dangerous undesirable land 120,000 people crammed on steep hills

57
Q

What are the environmental characteristics of Rocinha

A

Poorly built, unregulated homes often built from scrap materials

Unclean water supplies often contain raw sewage.

57% of houses not connected to sewers

Graffiti

Houses on steep hills

58
Q

What are the solutions to the problems in Rio’s favelas.

A

Self help schemes

Developing community/

TV ROC

favela tours

police pacification of the favelas

Developing minds

59
Q

describe the self help schemes in Rio in more detail

A

local authorities provide favela residents with building materials (breeze blocks and cement) to build permanent accommodation. Residents build themselves which develops sense of community and ownership. Hopefully will lead to drop in disease and solution as amenities such as water and electricity can be provided

60
Q

describe the Developing community in Rio in more detail

A

Rocinha has good infrastructure: - business - bank - chemist - bus routes - cable tv

Tv ROC promotes community projects and helps track down criminals

61
Q

describe favela tours in Rio in more detail

A

tourists are escorted round the slums which allows residents to make a living being a tour guide and selling souvenirs.

62
Q

describe the police pacification in Rio in more detail

A

UPP

Police make regular patrols of Rocinha to reduce crime and build trust within the community

63
Q

describe the developing minds in Rio in more detail

A

build schools and promotes education trying to raise literacy rates which will result in good jobs and money which leads to a better standard of living.

64
Q

*What are the characteristics of each house on this diagram

A
  1. scarp materials, no running water
  2. Running water, stronger construction (breeze blocks), electricity.
  3. indoor plumbing, larger, pitched roof
65
Q

What is the plan for sustainable living in the UK.

A

Eco towns.

10 are planned for 2020.

They will have: low energy consumption

Carbon neutral

Built from recyclable materials

Green spaces that cover at least 40% of the urban area

safe walking routes and cycle lanes built into layout

66
Q

What are the reasons to conserve historic features of cities

A

Improve appearance of areas and encourage visitors. e.g The Piece Hall, Halifax

67
Q

What are the reasons to use brownfield sites

A

Improve appearance of the area reduce the loss of countryside make good use of run down areas E.g Dean Clough & Gannex Mills

68
Q

What are the reasons to Reuse, reduce, recycle waste

A

Reduces amount of waste that has to be burnt or put in landfill sites E.g the different waste collection in Calderdale

69
Q

What are the reasons to improve public transport systems

A

cut down on carbon emissions by reducing use of cars.

1 bus takes 60 cars off the road.

E.g park and ride scheme in York, tram in sheffield

70
Q

What is BedZED

A

Beddington zero energy development. It is near Croydon south London

71
Q

When did BedZED start

A

2002

72
Q

What is BedZEDS aim

A

to be carbon neutral using less energy and transport then the average UK home

73
Q

What are the features of BedZED

A

Solar architecture which captures light and heat from the sun.

Vents on the roof to keep air flowing and the house cool.

Thick walls keep it cool in summer and warm in winter.

Rainwater capture using seedam is used to flush toilet.

Built from recycled materials

Public transport is in easy reach by foot or bike.

ZED cars - car sharing club

Free charging points for electric cars.

Combined heat and power station (CHP) on site - local supply via solar and wind power, and burning wood chippings.

Geography - Human (3 decks)

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