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Geography - Human > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of birth rate

A

number of births per 1000 people/year

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2
Q

What is the definition of death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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3
Q

What is the definition of natural increase

A

when birth rate is higher than death rate

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4
Q

What is the definition of natural decrease

A

when death rate is higher than birth rate

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5
Q

What is the definition of Migration

A

the movement of people in/out of an area

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6
Q

What is the definition of annual population

A

birth rate minus death rate +/- migration change

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7
Q

what is this?

A

Demographic transistion model

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8
Q

What is stage one of the demographic transition model like?

A

Birth rate high

death rate high

population change steady

tribes

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9
Q

What is stage two of the demographic transition model like?

A

Birth rate: high

Death rate: decreasing

Population: Increasing

most countries in Africa because of low levels of development

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10
Q

What is stage three of the demographic transition model like?

A

Birth rate: decreasing

death rate: decreasing

Population change: increasing

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11
Q

What is stage four of the demographic transition model like?

A

birth rate: low

death rate: low

population change: steady

North America, Europe, Australasia because of high levels of economic development and good wuality healthcare

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12
Q

What is stage five of the demographic transition model like?

A

birth rate: decreasing

death rate: low

population change: decreasing

Germany, Japan, almost UK becuase of aging population

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13
Q

Why might birth rates be high?

A

parents want children

  • to work and earn money
  • to look after them in old age
  • to continue family name
  • for prestige
  • to replace other children who have died
  • some religeons dont believe in contraception
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14
Q

Why might birth rates be low

A

children too costly to raise

both parents want to continue their careers

there is more widespread use of family planing methods

pensions and health services care for elderly

as infant mortality rate comes down there is less need to replace children

birth control available

the emancipation of women mean many now want to work and want a career

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15
Q

Why might death rates be high

A

lack of clean water

lack of food

poor hygiene and sanitation

overcrowding

contgious disease

poverty

constant natural/manmade disasters such as drought and wars

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16
Q

why might death rates be low

A

clean water

reliable food suppply

good hygiene and sanitation

low population densities

effective vaccinations and health care

rising standards of living

people educated on importance of diet and exercise

widely available medicines and health care

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17
Q

how old are dependant people

A

under 14 above 65

can’t work and depend on taxes from workers

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18
Q

how old are the independents

A

between 14 and 65

they earn the money to pay for services

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19
Q

what is the dependecy ratio

A

the ratio between the dependent and independent population

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20
Q

***describe this population pyramid

A
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21
Q

What are the problems with rapid population growth in rural areas

A

Deforestation to grow more food - Sahel in Africa

Water, land, and air polution - Sahel in Africa

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22
Q

What are the problems with rapid populaiton growth in urban areas

A

Traffic congestion - Rio de Janeiro

Inadequate public services - Rio de Janeiro

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23
Q

What are the problems with rapid population growth in a whole country

A

Shortages of resources, food and raw materials - Kenya

Unemployment and under-employment

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24
Q

What can be done to reduce the birth rates

A

family planning will work to reduce birth rates because families can decide when and how many children they want

Improved healthcare will work to reduce birth rates because less children will die so there is no neeed to replace children

better education and careers for women will reduce birth rates because women don’t want to give up their careers to look after a child

25
Q

What examples of there of attempts to reduce rapid population growth in the world

A

Indian government tried to reduce population growth by forcing sterilisation of people will criminal records

Thailand has succesfully reduced it’s population growth by using media, economic incentives, and community involvement to increace contraceptive use. They also organise birth control carnivals. People in rural ares such as farmers get financial benefits such as above market prices for theur crops and reduced transporrt costs to market.

Many African countries such as Niger struggle to control population growth because of lack of birth control policy. This is because male domination, lack of education for women, poverty, and drought.

26
Q

What is China’s One Child Policy?

A

China’s population was 1.3 billion which is 20% of the world population

The policy was introduced in 1979

People that only had one child had preferential access to housing, schools, and health services

It was enforced by forced abortion, compulsory steralisaiton, fines, granny police

27
Q

What were the successes of the one child policy

A

250-400 million less births

increased economic growth

decrease in overpopulation which means reduced pressure on housing, health care, education, and crimes levels dropped.

28
Q

What were the failures of the one child policy

A

China had a tradiation for large families

preference for boys led to an increase in female infanticide. There are now 60 million more men than women which led to kidnapping of women.

Huge rise in girls in orphanages

rise in ‘little emporer syndrome’ spoilt only children

4-2-1 problem - one man suppotring parents and grandparents

China has an agine population. Increasing need for health care and financial suport

forced sterilisation and abortion were deeply unpopular

people got round the rule by taking fertility frugs that led to multiple births

29
Q

Whats the future for the one child policy

A

Communist party said chinese can have 2 children

china is concerned about an ageing population. it is worried it will get old before it gets rich

most middle class do not think they can afford another child

30
Q

Where is a rise of the ‘grey population’ most noticable?

A

Euprope and Japan where birth rates are low and in some countries below the death rate leading to natural decrease

31
Q

Why are people living longer

A

imprvements in medical care

the discovery of new drugs

beter levels of nutrition than LICs

32
Q

What are the problems with an elderly population

A

people are drawing their pensions for longer becuase people are living longer (ec)

Increase in needs for healthare and social services, places in nursing homes, and warden assisted flats (ec and soc)

Cost of maintaining current levels of care services is going to double to £24 billion (ec)

33
Q

What policies have the government put in pace to takle the problems of elderly population

A

raising taxation levels

reducing spending on state pension

increase retirement age to 68

This is to cover the £24 billion cost of coaring for our aging population by 2026

34
Q

What are the benefits to an aging population

A

They provide money to the leisure sector during off peak times

Companies specialising in equipment for the elderly have benefitted e.g chairlifts or mobility scooters

Anti-ageism employment laws mean that people can work beyond their retirment age. Companies like B&Q have actively recruited pensioners as they bring strong work ethic and lots of experience,

35
Q

How have they tried to boost birth rates in the UK and has it been successful

A

Benefits offered for every child. benefits offered for children reduced.

Migrant population encouraged as they have more children e.g Polish. increase in migrants causing racial tension. More mudwives needed.

Paternity leave - men entiltled to 6 months off work. more midwives needed.

maternity leave - 1/2 year off paid another 1/2 year 1/2 pay. More midwives needed

36
Q

What is migration

A

the movement of people to live in a different place

37
Q

What is internal migration

A

moving within the same country

38
Q

What is emigration

A

moving out of a country

39
Q

What are immigrants

A

All people moving into a country

40
Q

What are illegal immigrants

A

people without documents for entry, such as valid passports and visas

41
Q

What are asylum seekers

A

People detained at entry points by customs officers. They need to make a case for staying that menas they can’t go back to their country due to war, religious persecution, disasters, political persecution, sexuality

42
Q

What is voluntary migration

A

When a person makes the decision to move

43
Q

What is economic migration

A

movement for work, usually from poor to rich countries

44
Q

What are economic migrants

A

people seeking the life that a higher income brings

45
Q

What is forced migration

A

compulsary migration and people have little choice about moving. Forced migrants who move to another country are refugees

46
Q

What are pull factors

A

Attractions of the place people are moving to. The advanages of moving there, e.g better paid job, reliable food supplies, school, hospital, safe water supply, and electricity

47
Q

What are push factors

A

people’s dislikes about where they live, disadvantages of living there e.g poverty, lack of services, work only farming

48
Q

What are the push factors away from Poland?

A

Unemployment runs at 20%

49
Q

What are the pull factors to the UK

A

Unskilled jobs pay on average 5x more than skilled ones in Poland

Free healthcare and education

50
Q

What are the benefits to Poland?

A

There is less pressure on resources such as schools

They send money back for their families

51
Q

What are the benefits to the UK

A

Polish migrants have on average 1 more child per family - helping to boost UK’s population

There is a cultural interchange and development of Polish services such as bread shops

Jobs are filled that are unwanted by British people

bring skills e.g dentists and electricians

Transfer of knowledge e.g UK universities employing staff from all over the world

give UK economy a financial boost

rising population means government collect more tax

Arrival of working aged migrants delays the demographic time-bomb

They are reliable workers that work hard

52
Q

What are the Negatives for Poland

A

Left with an aging population as the youngest leave to find work

Families are broken up

Poland left with skills shortage such as electicians

Live in poor quality housing owned by greedy landlords

53
Q

What are the negatives for the UK

A

Pressure on resources such as St. Marys Primary school in Crewe

Racial tensions can develop such as in Boston where almost 50% of the people are from another country

Migrants can be exploited by dogey employers

shortage of housing

send money away from the country

Take jobs from local people

Leads to an increase in crime - attacks on foreign migrnts and rise in foreign criminal gangs

Swell the population

54
Q

What are the issues of refugees in the UK

A

Asylum seekers cannot work or claim benefits until allowed to stay which can take 10 years

Some people lie about needing asylum

Know very little about UK

Many settle and contribute towards society

55
Q

What impact does asylum seekers not being able to work have

A

They are poor and rely on charity.

Some may work illegally and not pay tax.

The UK has been accused of starving refugees out of the country

56
Q

What is the impact of refugees lying about needing asylum

A

It takes years to find out the truth and costs £1000’s

some are not found out and live here illegally

57
Q

What are the impacts of asylum seekers not knowing much about life in the UK

A

Some people are disrespectful and racist towards asylum seekers

58
Q

What are the impacts of refugees settling and contibuting to society

A

UK becomes multi-cultural society

they provide us with a multitude of goods and services

Geography - Human (3 decks)

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