Population Flashcards
What is the definition of birth rate
number of births per 1000 people/year
What is the definition of death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is the definition of natural increase
when birth rate is higher than death rate
What is the definition of natural decrease
when death rate is higher than birth rate
What is the definition of Migration
the movement of people in/out of an area
What is the definition of annual population
birth rate minus death rate +/- migration change
what is this?
Demographic transistion model
What is stage one of the demographic transition model like?
Birth rate high
death rate high
population change steady
tribes
What is stage two of the demographic transition model like?
Birth rate: high
Death rate: decreasing
Population: Increasing
most countries in Africa because of low levels of development
What is stage three of the demographic transition model like?
Birth rate: decreasing
death rate: decreasing
Population change: increasing
What is stage four of the demographic transition model like?
birth rate: low
death rate: low
population change: steady
North America, Europe, Australasia because of high levels of economic development and good wuality healthcare
What is stage five of the demographic transition model like?
birth rate: decreasing
death rate: low
population change: decreasing
Germany, Japan, almost UK becuase of aging population
Why might birth rates be high?
parents want children
- to work and earn money
- to look after them in old age
- to continue family name
- for prestige
- to replace other children who have died
- some religeons dont believe in contraception
Why might birth rates be low
children too costly to raise
both parents want to continue their careers
there is more widespread use of family planing methods
pensions and health services care for elderly
as infant mortality rate comes down there is less need to replace children
birth control available
the emancipation of women mean many now want to work and want a career
Why might death rates be high
lack of clean water
lack of food
poor hygiene and sanitation
overcrowding
contgious disease
poverty
constant natural/manmade disasters such as drought and wars
why might death rates be low
clean water
reliable food suppply
good hygiene and sanitation
low population densities
effective vaccinations and health care
rising standards of living
people educated on importance of diet and exercise
widely available medicines and health care
how old are dependant people
under 14 above 65
can’t work and depend on taxes from workers
how old are the independents
between 14 and 65
they earn the money to pay for services
what is the dependecy ratio
the ratio between the dependent and independent population
***describe this population pyramid
What are the problems with rapid population growth in rural areas
Deforestation to grow more food - Sahel in Africa
Water, land, and air polution - Sahel in Africa
What are the problems with rapid populaiton growth in urban areas
Traffic congestion - Rio de Janeiro
Inadequate public services - Rio de Janeiro
What are the problems with rapid population growth in a whole country
Shortages of resources, food and raw materials - Kenya
Unemployment and under-employment
What can be done to reduce the birth rates
family planning will work to reduce birth rates because families can decide when and how many children they want
Improved healthcare will work to reduce birth rates because less children will die so there is no neeed to replace children
better education and careers for women will reduce birth rates because women don’t want to give up their careers to look after a child
What examples of there of attempts to reduce rapid population growth in the world
Indian government tried to reduce population growth by forcing sterilisation of people will criminal records
Thailand has succesfully reduced it’s population growth by using media, economic incentives, and community involvement to increace contraceptive use. They also organise birth control carnivals. People in rural ares such as farmers get financial benefits such as above market prices for theur crops and reduced transporrt costs to market.
Many African countries such as Niger struggle to control population growth because of lack of birth control policy. This is because male domination, lack of education for women, poverty, and drought.
What is China’s One Child Policy?
China’s population was 1.3 billion which is 20% of the world population
The policy was introduced in 1979
People that only had one child had preferential access to housing, schools, and health services
It was enforced by forced abortion, compulsory steralisaiton, fines, granny police
What were the successes of the one child policy
250-400 million less births
increased economic growth
decrease in overpopulation which means reduced pressure on housing, health care, education, and crimes levels dropped.
What were the failures of the one child policy
China had a tradiation for large families
preference for boys led to an increase in female infanticide. There are now 60 million more men than women which led to kidnapping of women.
Huge rise in girls in orphanages
rise in ‘little emporer syndrome’ spoilt only children
4-2-1 problem - one man suppotring parents and grandparents
China has an agine population. Increasing need for health care and financial suport
forced sterilisation and abortion were deeply unpopular
people got round the rule by taking fertility frugs that led to multiple births
Whats the future for the one child policy
Communist party said chinese can have 2 children
china is concerned about an ageing population. it is worried it will get old before it gets rich
most middle class do not think they can afford another child
Where is a rise of the ‘grey population’ most noticable?
Euprope and Japan where birth rates are low and in some countries below the death rate leading to natural decrease
Why are people living longer
imprvements in medical care
the discovery of new drugs
beter levels of nutrition than LICs
What are the problems with an elderly population
people are drawing their pensions for longer becuase people are living longer (ec)
Increase in needs for healthare and social services, places in nursing homes, and warden assisted flats (ec and soc)
Cost of maintaining current levels of care services is going to double to £24 billion (ec)
What policies have the government put in pace to takle the problems of elderly population
raising taxation levels
reducing spending on state pension
increase retirement age to 68
This is to cover the £24 billion cost of coaring for our aging population by 2026
What are the benefits to an aging population
They provide money to the leisure sector during off peak times
Companies specialising in equipment for the elderly have benefitted e.g chairlifts or mobility scooters
Anti-ageism employment laws mean that people can work beyond their retirment age. Companies like B&Q have actively recruited pensioners as they bring strong work ethic and lots of experience,
How have they tried to boost birth rates in the UK and has it been successful
Benefits offered for every child. benefits offered for children reduced.
Migrant population encouraged as they have more children e.g Polish. increase in migrants causing racial tension. More mudwives needed.
Paternity leave - men entiltled to 6 months off work. more midwives needed.
maternity leave - 1/2 year off paid another 1/2 year 1/2 pay. More midwives needed
What is migration
the movement of people to live in a different place
What is internal migration
moving within the same country
What is emigration
moving out of a country
What are immigrants
All people moving into a country
What are illegal immigrants
people without documents for entry, such as valid passports and visas
What are asylum seekers
People detained at entry points by customs officers. They need to make a case for staying that menas they can’t go back to their country due to war, religious persecution, disasters, political persecution, sexuality
What is voluntary migration
When a person makes the decision to move
What is economic migration
movement for work, usually from poor to rich countries
What are economic migrants
people seeking the life that a higher income brings
What is forced migration
compulsary migration and people have little choice about moving. Forced migrants who move to another country are refugees
What are pull factors
Attractions of the place people are moving to. The advanages of moving there, e.g better paid job, reliable food supplies, school, hospital, safe water supply, and electricity
What are push factors
people’s dislikes about where they live, disadvantages of living there e.g poverty, lack of services, work only farming
What are the push factors away from Poland?
Unemployment runs at 20%
What are the pull factors to the UK
Unskilled jobs pay on average 5x more than skilled ones in Poland
Free healthcare and education
What are the benefits to Poland?
There is less pressure on resources such as schools
They send money back for their families
What are the benefits to the UK
Polish migrants have on average 1 more child per family - helping to boost UK’s population
There is a cultural interchange and development of Polish services such as bread shops
Jobs are filled that are unwanted by British people
bring skills e.g dentists and electricians
Transfer of knowledge e.g UK universities employing staff from all over the world
give UK economy a financial boost
rising population means government collect more tax
Arrival of working aged migrants delays the demographic time-bomb
They are reliable workers that work hard
What are the Negatives for Poland
Left with an aging population as the youngest leave to find work
Families are broken up
Poland left with skills shortage such as electicians
Live in poor quality housing owned by greedy landlords
What are the negatives for the UK
Pressure on resources such as St. Marys Primary school in Crewe
Racial tensions can develop such as in Boston where almost 50% of the people are from another country
Migrants can be exploited by dogey employers
shortage of housing
send money away from the country
Take jobs from local people
Leads to an increase in crime - attacks on foreign migrnts and rise in foreign criminal gangs
Swell the population
What are the issues of refugees in the UK
Asylum seekers cannot work or claim benefits until allowed to stay which can take 10 years
Some people lie about needing asylum
Know very little about UK
Many settle and contribute towards society
What impact does asylum seekers not being able to work have
They are poor and rely on charity.
Some may work illegally and not pay tax.
The UK has been accused of starving refugees out of the country
What is the impact of refugees lying about needing asylum
It takes years to find out the truth and costs £1000’s
some are not found out and live here illegally
What are the impacts of asylum seekers not knowing much about life in the UK
Some people are disrespectful and racist towards asylum seekers
What are the impacts of refugees settling and contibuting to society
UK becomes multi-cultural society
they provide us with a multitude of goods and services
