Tourism Flashcards
What is tourism?
tourism involves activities away from home and staying away from home for at least one day. This not only includes holidays, but taking business trips and visiting friends and family.
What are the social reasons for growth in tourism?
- The internet saves you time and money.
- Early retirement means elderly people can go on holiday more often (SKIHERS spending kids inheritance)
- Advertising
- Improved accessibility so travel is easier.
What are the economic reasons for growth in tourism?
- The internet
- Budget airlines such as Jet2. cheap flights.
- People are earning higher salaries, and paid holiday leave average 4 weeks.
Which region has the highest percentage of tourists?
Europe
Why does Europe have the most tourists?
It has a high population so lots of potential tourists.
Ease of travel by budget airines and excellent railway link.
World famous attractions (Paris - Eiffel tower, diney land, The louvre. Rome - The collosseum, vatican. beach resorts.
Skiing and hiking in the alps
Why are long haul destinations becoming more popular?
Flights cheaper
People becoming more adventurous
Easier to travel further due to increased accessibility
E.g Places such as Mexico, Thailand, Australia,new Zealand.
Why is the percentage of tourist visiting Africa the lowest?
Poor infrastructure Disease Kidnapping tourists - somalia Extreme religious views - Sudan Dictatorship - Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe.
Why do tourists not visit Somalia?
Piracy
Child soldiers
War torn country
Why do tourists not visit Zimbabwe?
Economic Issues - inflation
Dictatorship (Robert Mugabe)
Political instability
Why do people not visit the DRC?
Civil war between Hutus and Tutsis
What are the spin offs of tourism?
Increase number and variety of service sector jobs.
Improvements to infrastructure and public services.
Support for local industries (Construction, food processing, handicrafts)
Increases in local and government tax revenues.
What is the multiplier effect?
It encourages the growth of services and other businesses.
Why do developing countries welcome tourists?
One of the main sources of income - St. Lucia 85%
Tourism provides employment, economic development, and modernisation.
Why are the Caribbean and Indian Ocean island keen to promote tourism?
Chance to lessen their dependance on exporting a single commodity such as sugar cane or bananas which is subject to wide fluctuations in world market prices.
Why is tourism bad for Antigua?
Can damage economy, the culture, and the land
Relies heavily on tourism - little farming and manufacturing
Water shortages not helped by tourism
Cruise shop companies organise own tours ‘robbing’ local taxi drivers of potential income.
All inclusive holidays are foreign owned and mean the local lose out on business
jobs are low paid, low skilled for locals
Denied top jobs in hotels
Culture - tourists are fed a pale imitation of culture and western food dominates.
Environment threatened by hotels, they are being built on mangroves.
How is tourism important to UK?
In 2007 tourism created £65 billion.
Over 30 million people visited in 2007
The UK is number 6 in the world for visiter numbers
What are the factors that will make people want to visit the UK.
A weak pound on the exchange rate means more people will visit as good exchange rate
Good publicity/New facilities mean more people will want to visit.
What are the factors that will make people not want to visit the UK?
Wet summers
Terrorist threat
What are the 6 stages of the butler model?
exploration - a small number of people begin to visit
involvement - small scale developments and businesses take place to encourage people to visit
development - infrastructure develops to allow bigger numbers. More facilities are built
consolidation - Height of popularity and people visit in ,ass numbers. Attractions are busy and accommodation full
stagnation - Area becomes run down, facilities not updated, prices drop to encourage people to visit, may attract wrong people and put people off.
rejuvenation/decline - Area has a choice either reinvest in the area or let it spiral into a place few will visit.
What is the butler model case study?
Blackpool
What does sustainability mean?
The ability to keep something going over a long period of time for future generations.
$Why did tourism increase and decrease in Blackpool
The railway arrives in 1846 and links Blackpool to other cities.
The 1850’s see visits from upper class gentry because benefits of the sea air.
Tower opens in 1894 providing family entertainment
End of ww2 golden age of visitor numbers
Factory workers visit on clay trips
1970’s see rise of packet holidays abroad.
1980’s beach and sea problems
Families put off by binge drinkers & hen/stag parties
2003 start of £1 billion rejuvenation plan.
What were the problems seen in Blackpool form 1990-1999?
Visitor number fell by 6 million
1000 hotels ceased trading
300 holiday-flat premises closed
Hotels were often only 25% full
What was involved in the Re-blackpool scheme?
Illuminations. £10 million spent upgrading the illuminations, this extends the season into autumn.
Beaches have been cleaned up and 3 fly the blue flag
It bid to be the Las Vegas of the UK (super casino)
new attractions such as sandcastles opened in 2006.
Comedy carpet £3 million.
Blackpool tower/skywalk £10 million
Improved promenade new street furniture and art installations.
New visitors centre
What is mass tourism
Large visitor numbers attracted to a particular place
Where is the mass tourism case study
Kenya
What attractions are in Kenya?
Safaris - Big five (African elephant, african rhino, african leopard, african lion, cape buffalo)
Tropical beaches (Malindi, Mombasa )
Mount Kenya (kilamanjaro)
Maasai Tribes
Why do people visit Kenya?
Climate constantly around 30*C
Several volcanoes in and around the Great Rift Valley
2 Million year old human skeleton
Safaris are very popular via mini bus and hot air balloon
Indian ocean provides fab beaches and water sport activities.
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
Animals
Tourists get too close to the animals and scare them, especially cheetahs, and make them leave their young. Supposed to stay 25m away.
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
All inclusive
All inclusive resorts reduce tourist income in local restaurants and businesses.
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
Soil
Minibuses do not always stay on the designated tracks to get to the animals and avoid wet areas leaving Savanna vegetation destroyed and soil exposed to wind and animals = soil erosion
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
Water
Tourist lodges use too much water and they are not disposing of it properly which leads to scavenging.
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
Hotels
Many hotels are owned by international countries
What are the impacts of tourism on Kenya?
Sex
Sex tourism - white middle aged westerners are paying young girls for sex as this pays more than a regular job
What are the economic benefits of tourism in Kenya?
Earns them US$1 billion a year Reduces the trade deficit Provides jobs (25,000 people directly employed in tourism 250.000 employed indirectly. E`ch employed worker supports 7-12 other people
What are the environmental benefits of tourism in Kenya
saves animals as the interest in them means more of the park land has not been ploughed or used as grazing land.
What are the economic negatives of tourism in Kenya
Visitor numbers fluctuate due to politics and violence in kenya.
Jobs can be awful
What are the environmental negatives of tourism in Kenya?
Reefs get damaged because tourists take coral and anchors break it.
Drivers go off paths and disturb the ground leading to soil erosion.
Tourists get too close to animals and scare them
Tourists feed the animals and they become tame.
What are the costal negatives of tourism in Kenya
Shortages of grazing land along with rapid population growth ave forced the Masai.
Masai aren’t benefiting from the money earned.
What does stewardship mean?
To behave in a responsible way in fragile areas
What does conservation mean ?
To protect fragile areas and/or wildlife
What is ecotourism ?
Type of sustainable tourism which aims to take into account environmental, cultural, and social considerations
Where is the ecotourism case study?
Eselenkei, Kenya
What is the Kenya National tourism master plan (KNTMP)?
A plan to minimise the problems with mass tourism.
What does the KNTMP involve?
Diversify the countries tourist product range by opening up new avenues of tourism such as adventure activities on rivers and lakes (rafting canoeing etc)
Achieve better distribution of tourist activities to reduce environmental pressure on tourist hot spots.
Doubling park entry fees
Price increases in hotels and camps to pay for game park improvements
Quality not quantity
Increasing the involvement of local tribes people in preserving the wildlife and the environment.
Info on Eselenkei conservation area and ecotourism resort
Tourist numbers limited to eight per day
Max 10-12 tents
Small environmental foot print (tents, inverted tripod platform, uses local wood)
solar powered
Hot water heated by boiler
Carefully dispose of kitchen waste
Laundry done in Nairobi to stop detergents leaching into the environment
reduction in poaching and harassing of wildlife
Eselenkei work in partnership with Masai (Masai guiding school teaches about conservation education and wildlife protection)
Porini ecotourism. Tour operator profits go to Masai to pay for farming, water supplies, education, receive money from porini and money from entry fees.
Masai - 15 maintain the 50km of tracks, 10 uniformed tracks
What is an extreme environment?
Places where few people live due to physical conditions
What is an adventure holiday?
A holiday that involves physically challenging activities such as skiing, canoeing and mountain climbing
What is the extreme tourism case study?
Antartica
What are the four extreme environments?
Great cold (polar lands) Very dry (deserts) Great hight (high mountain range) Rainforest
Why are tourists drawn to extreme environments?
Draw due to their emptiness and they want to see a world which is totally different to the one where they live.
Where is Antarctica located
Southern Hemisphere south of Argentina and Chile
What are the attractions of Antarctica
Penguins Seals Whale-watching Kayaking - Ross sea Walks/hiking - Mt. Vinson Scuba Diving Climbing Dog sledding with huskies
What are the Impacts of tourists on Antarctica?
New airstrips have displaced wildlife and created noise pollution which has disturbed breeding grounds
Raw sewage is being pumped into the sea harming the marine ecosystem
Only 2% of Antarctica is ice free which is where the tourist base are but they destroy the fragile soil.
Ships ignore passenger limits. Larger cruise ships use heavy oil which coats penguins
What has Antarctica done to attempt to cope with tourists?
Cruise ships are limited to 100 tourists at a time by IAATO
Visitor guide given to tourists giving them the do’s and don’ts
People have to stay 5m away from wildlife
What are the worries for the future in Antarctica?
Visitor numbers are expected to double in the next 10 years leading to more pollution
The development of skiing and snowboarding will destroy the fragile landscape in the future.
Why is antarctica unique?
It is the only continent that is 100% wilderness and without permanent human inhabitants. It is also the coldest driest, windiest and highest continent
Why is tourism good for Antarctica?
It stops oil companies ever being allowed to further explore the oil and gas.
Also the mess left by previous human visitors has now been cleaned up.
The treaty of antarctica has been put in place to protect antarctica from mining, drilling for oil and pollution.
