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Geography > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the rate of urbanisation higher in LICs?

A

Push and pull factors - higher rates of rural-urban migration
Natural population increase
Development in the city

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2
Q

What is the urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation is a process of city growth converting rural areas to urban ones.It also means people moving to live in urban areas.

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3
Q

What is Suburbanisation?

A

As towns grow and expand outwards, suburbs become more developed too, city expands outwards.

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4
Q

What is conurbation?

A

When two cities join together.

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5
Q

What is a dormitory settlement?

A

Residents only sleep there and commute to the city

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6
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Movement of people and businesses back out again towards rural areas

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7
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

Rebuilding old parts of the city.

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8
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A very large city, typically with a population of over 10 million

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9
Q

What is a millionaire city?

A

A city with a million people

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10
Q

What are the reasons for the growth of mega cites?

A

Economic development
Population growth
Economies of scale
Multiplier effect

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11
Q

What is a global or world city?

A

Any size

Prestige, status and power

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12
Q

What are the problems of rapid urbanisation?

A

Housing- cramped, loss of green spaces
Expensive - to live so crime, lack of services e.g. electricity and water
Over crowded - lack of space, traffic congestion, rebuild cities, evacuated out of homes to be demolished
Health - not enough doctors, poor sanitation
Education - lack of schools
Employment - not enough jobs
Pollution - polluted water, traffic causes air pollution
Unwelcoming
Poverty

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13
Q

How do urban settlements differ from rural ones?

A

Economy
Size
Density of people
Way of life

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14
Q

Why do similar activities or land use come together?

A

Location needs

Afford same land

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15
Q

Where are high values found?

A

By major roads

In the centre

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16
Q

What happens to the structure of cities as they move outwards form the core?

A

Age of built up area decreases
Style changes
Density decreased

17
Q

Why do people segregate together?

A 
Afford same price house 
Support 
Discrimination 
Racial violence 
Increasing influence 
Native language
18
Q

What are shanty towns?

A

DIY housing
Unsafe
Lack of services

19
Q

Why is there movement to the edge of the city?

A

Cheaper land
More spacious factories
Main roads

20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of of greenfield sites?

A

Advantages:

  • cheap
  • healthier environment

Disadvantages:

  • valuable farm or recreational space lost
  • attractive scenery lost
  • wildlife and habitats lost or disturbed
  • noise and light pollution in countryside
  • encourages suburban sprawl
21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of brownfield sites?

A

Advantages:

  • reduces loss of countryside
  • services already in place
  • located nearer to CBD, so commuting reduced

Disadvantages:

  • expensive
  • rundown areas
  • pollution
  • bad access
22
Q

What is the multiple deprivation index indicated by?

A 
Income 
Employment 
Health 
Education 
Housing 
Crime
23
Q

What is gentrification?

A

Using what’s already there, re doing and modifying old buildings.
Type of regeneration.

24
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Transforming the economy of the city by encouraging new businesses

25
Q

Who are urban managers?

A

People who make dedications about urban areas

26
Q

What is agglomeration?

A

Concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations

26
Q

Why do people move from rural areas to urban ones?

A

More jobs
Exciting city life
Better life
More money

27
Q

How does the population of people living in urban areas and the level of urban growth in MEDC’s differ to LEDC’s?

A

MEDC’s:
High percentage of pop living in urban areas
Low level of urban growth

LEDC’s:
Low percentage of pop living in urban areas
High level of urban growth

28
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

People follow others / spread the word about new built up areas they have moved to and create urbanisation.

29
Q

What is the burgess model?

A

A model of the typical land uses in an MEDC urban area.

Central Business District
Factories / Industries
Working class housing
Middle class housing
Upper class housing
30
Q

Explain the changes taking place on the edges of HIC cities with reference to examples.

A
  • factories used to be in middle of city centre shown in burgess model
  • now changed, as shown in Hoyt model, they have moved along transport links for cheaper land, more space, and easier access to transport goods
  • working class have moved along transport links with them to keep their jobs, those that didn’t, as they couldn’t afford to, lost their jobs.
  • business parks, retail complexes etc also being built
  • greenfield vs brownfield debate issue in suburbs
31
Q

Discuss the distribution of different types of land use in one named city.

A

Barcelona, Spain.

  • used to be involved in textiles as an industry, was burgess model (textiles in centre, working class surrounded, upper class on suburbs)
  • then Hoyt model as as factories moved to other countries and along transport links for more space, cheaper land etc
  • now new model as upper class till on edge e.g. Sitges, working class close to transport links or some still in city being reitergrated e.g. El Raval
  • dinky’ snow moving back into city as exciting!
32
Q

How do land use patterns in MEDC’s compare to LEDC’s?

A

MEDC:

  • upper class housing on edge (suburbs / country) and moved out for more space for families
  • working class housing near city centre as have jobs in businesses

LEDC:

  • upper class housing surround city centre as can afford to live there
  • working class housing in suburbs (tried to move from rural areas to city for a better life but could not get to city centre)
  • CBD’s both in centre
  • factories and industries both along transport links
  • middle class housing both located between inner and outer suburbs
33
Q

Outline two factors affecting the rate of urbanisation.

A
  • population growth in urban areas, country needs to keep up with growing population
  • multiplier effect
  • push and pull factors e.g. moving from rural to urban areas for a better lifestyle, increasing the rate of urbanisation.
34
Q

What is the Hoyt model?

A

A model also showing the typical land use in an urban area, however it is more up to date and things are changing because of urban regeneration.

35
Q

Explain the changes taking place in one named urban area in a HIC.

A

Barcelona, Spain.

  • was textiles industry (burgess model)
  • working class lived in El Raval and Poblenou and commuted to work in factories in 22@
  • then factories and industries along transport links and to other countries for ….. (hoyt)
  • some working class followed them to keep their jobs, others that couldn’t afford to went into unemployed decline
  • Barcelona needed money to regenerate these areas so won Olympic bid in 1992 to redevelop areas (acted as a catalyst)
  • El Raval being gentrified and reintergrated
  • 22@ being bulldozed and redeveloped
36
Q

What are the problems caused by rapid urbanisation in LICs?

A

People try to move from rural areas to the city for a better life, but cannot find / afford housing or a job in city and so are stuck on outskirts in shanty towns and favelas.

  • crowded
  • poor sanitation
37
Q

What different strategies are used to help people from favelas or shanty towns in LICs?

A
  • Help to buy scheme: unemployed first time buyers can buy a home with just 5% deposit rather than 10% and government will pay other half
  • building up favela areas + shanty towns: into new blocks of cheap apartments, each buyer pays half their salary for one so everyone pays a diff amount
  • governments improve rural areas: building businesses and factories to give jobs there hopefully encouraging shanty town residents to move back to country to decrease population and problems.
  • self help scheme: gov provides materials which local people use to build better homes
38
Q

What is the role of decision makers in urban regeneration and rebranding?

A

Barcelona:

  • gov needed money to do up areas in decline after factories left
  • so bid for Olympics and won
  • regenerated poblenou and El raval, moved unemployed to la mina
  • built new flats in poblenou to attract income
  • never moved residents back into new flats as they were too nice. Left people in la mina and tried to sell new flats
  • couldn’t sell many as area was dead.

Geography (8 decks)

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