Urban Environments Flashcards
Why is the rate of urbanisation higher in LICs?
Push and pull factors - higher rates of rural-urban migration
Natural population increase
Development in the city
What is the urbanisation?
Urbanisation is a process of city growth converting rural areas to urban ones.It also means people moving to live in urban areas.
What is Suburbanisation?
As towns grow and expand outwards, suburbs become more developed too, city expands outwards.
What is conurbation?
When two cities join together.
What is a dormitory settlement?
Residents only sleep there and commute to the city
What is counter urbanisation?
Movement of people and businesses back out again towards rural areas
What is urban regeneration?
Rebuilding old parts of the city.
What is a megacity?
A very large city, typically with a population of over 10 million
What is a millionaire city?
A city with a million people
What are the reasons for the growth of mega cites?
Economic development
Population growth
Economies of scale
Multiplier effect
What is a global or world city?
Any size
Prestige, status and power
What are the problems of rapid urbanisation?
Housing- cramped, loss of green spaces
Expensive - to live so crime, lack of services e.g. electricity and water
Over crowded - lack of space, traffic congestion, rebuild cities, evacuated out of homes to be demolished
Health - not enough doctors, poor sanitation
Education - lack of schools
Employment - not enough jobs
Pollution - polluted water, traffic causes air pollution
Unwelcoming
Poverty
How do urban settlements differ from rural ones?
Economy
Size
Density of people
Way of life
Why do similar activities or land use come together?
Location needs
Afford same land
Where are high values found?
By major roads
In the centre
What happens to the structure of cities as they move outwards form the core?
Age of built up area decreases
Style changes
Density decreased
Why do people segregate together?
Afford same price house Support Discrimination Racial violence Increasing influence Native language
What are shanty towns?
DIY housing
Unsafe
Lack of services
Why is there movement to the edge of the city?
Cheaper land
More spacious factories
Main roads
What are the advantages and disadvantages of of greenfield sites?
Advantages:
- cheap
- healthier environment
Disadvantages:
- valuable farm or recreational space lost
- attractive scenery lost
- wildlife and habitats lost or disturbed
- noise and light pollution in countryside
- encourages suburban sprawl
What are the advantages and disadvantages of brownfield sites?
Advantages:
- reduces loss of countryside
- services already in place
- located nearer to CBD, so commuting reduced
Disadvantages:
- expensive
- rundown areas
- pollution
- bad access
What is the multiple deprivation index indicated by?
Income Employment Health Education Housing Crime
What is gentrification?
Using what’s already there, re doing and modifying old buildings.
Type of regeneration.
What is regeneration?
Transforming the economy of the city by encouraging new businesses
Who are urban managers?
People who make dedications about urban areas
What is agglomeration?
Concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations
Why do people move from rural areas to urban ones?
More jobs
Exciting city life
Better life
More money
How does the population of people living in urban areas and the level of urban growth in MEDC’s differ to LEDC’s?
MEDC’s:
High percentage of pop living in urban areas
Low level of urban growth
LEDC’s:
Low percentage of pop living in urban areas
High level of urban growth
What is the multiplier effect?
People follow others / spread the word about new built up areas they have moved to and create urbanisation.
What is the burgess model?
A model of the typical land uses in an MEDC urban area.
Central Business District Factories / Industries Working class housing Middle class housing Upper class housing
Explain the changes taking place on the edges of HIC cities with reference to examples.
- factories used to be in middle of city centre shown in burgess model
- now changed, as shown in Hoyt model, they have moved along transport links for cheaper land, more space, and easier access to transport goods
- working class have moved along transport links with them to keep their jobs, those that didn’t, as they couldn’t afford to, lost their jobs.
- business parks, retail complexes etc also being built
- greenfield vs brownfield debate issue in suburbs
Discuss the distribution of different types of land use in one named city.
Barcelona, Spain.
- used to be involved in textiles as an industry, was burgess model (textiles in centre, working class surrounded, upper class on suburbs)
- then Hoyt model as as factories moved to other countries and along transport links for more space, cheaper land etc
- now new model as upper class till on edge e.g. Sitges, working class close to transport links or some still in city being reitergrated e.g. El Raval
- dinky’ snow moving back into city as exciting!
How do land use patterns in MEDC’s compare to LEDC’s?
MEDC:
- upper class housing on edge (suburbs / country) and moved out for more space for families
- working class housing near city centre as have jobs in businesses
LEDC:
- upper class housing surround city centre as can afford to live there
- working class housing in suburbs (tried to move from rural areas to city for a better life but could not get to city centre)
- CBD’s both in centre
- factories and industries both along transport links
- middle class housing both located between inner and outer suburbs
Outline two factors affecting the rate of urbanisation.
- population growth in urban areas, country needs to keep up with growing population
- multiplier effect
- push and pull factors e.g. moving from rural to urban areas for a better lifestyle, increasing the rate of urbanisation.
What is the Hoyt model?
A model also showing the typical land use in an urban area, however it is more up to date and things are changing because of urban regeneration.
Explain the changes taking place in one named urban area in a HIC.
Barcelona, Spain.
- was textiles industry (burgess model)
- working class lived in El Raval and Poblenou and commuted to work in factories in 22@
- then factories and industries along transport links and to other countries for ….. (hoyt)
- some working class followed them to keep their jobs, others that couldn’t afford to went into unemployed decline
- Barcelona needed money to regenerate these areas so won Olympic bid in 1992 to redevelop areas (acted as a catalyst)
- El Raval being gentrified and reintergrated
- 22@ being bulldozed and redeveloped
What are the problems caused by rapid urbanisation in LICs?
People try to move from rural areas to the city for a better life, but cannot find / afford housing or a job in city and so are stuck on outskirts in shanty towns and favelas.
- crowded
- poor sanitation
What different strategies are used to help people from favelas or shanty towns in LICs?
- Help to buy scheme: unemployed first time buyers can buy a home with just 5% deposit rather than 10% and government will pay other half
- building up favela areas + shanty towns: into new blocks of cheap apartments, each buyer pays half their salary for one so everyone pays a diff amount
- governments improve rural areas: building businesses and factories to give jobs there hopefully encouraging shanty town residents to move back to country to decrease population and problems.
- self help scheme: gov provides materials which local people use to build better homes
What is the role of decision makers in urban regeneration and rebranding?
Barcelona:
- gov needed money to do up areas in decline after factories left
- so bid for Olympics and won
- regenerated poblenou and El raval, moved unemployed to la mina
- built new flats in poblenou to attract income
- never moved residents back into new flats as they were too nice. Left people in la mina and tried to sell new flats
- couldn’t sell many as area was dead.
